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Biology > B5 - Growth and Development > Flashcards

B5 - Growth and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What does MRS GREN stand for?

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity

Growth
Reproduction
Excrete
Nutrition

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2
Q

Tissue: what is it? Give an example

A

A group of cells doing the same job; e.g. Bone, blood, muscle skin…

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3
Q

Organ: what is it? Give an example

A

A group of tissues doing the same job; e.g. Heart, Lungs, Brain, Skin, Liver…

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4
Q

Organ system: what is it? Give an example

A

A group of organs working together; e.g. Circulatory, nervous, skeletal, digestive

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5
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilised egg

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6
Q

Up to what stage in humans, are all the cells embryonic?

A

The 8 cell stage

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7
Q

Differentiation

A

When stem cells become specialised to perform their job

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8
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that can become any cell type

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9
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Stem cells that can either stay undifferentiated in certain parts of the body or become a limited number of cell types based on their location

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10
Q

Why and how are red blood cells specialised to do their job?

A

They are bio-concave giving them a larger surface area to allow rapid oxygen diffusion

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11
Q

What is Xylem and what does it do?

A

Xylem is a plant tissue that transports water, mineral salts and phloem (this transports the products of photosynthesis)

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12
Q

What are Meristems? (3) what are they? Why are they special? What do they do?

A
  • Meristems are are the tissues in plants where stem cells are found
  • These are the only tissues that contain stem cells
  • They produce growth in height and width due to division and enlargement of a daughter cell
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13
Q

What growth does a meristem in the tip cause?

A

Increase in height/ flowers/ leaves

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14
Q

What growth does a meristem in the side bud cause?

A

Side growth/ leaves/ flowers

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15
Q

What growth does a meristem along the length of the stem cause?

A

Increase in girth

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16
Q

What growth does a meristem in the root tip cause?

A

Increase in length

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17
Q

Name two methods of cloning plants:

A
  • Cuttings

- Tissue culture

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18
Q

What chemical is used to promote root growth in cuttings?

A

Hormone rooting powder

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19
Q

Describe the process of Tissue culture: (4)

A
  1. Cells or tissue are taken from a plant root or stem
  2. Enzymes are used to separate the cells
  3. Individual cells are placed on nutrient (agar) jelly to grow
  4. Plants are transferred to compost to grow
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20
Q

What plant hormones are used in agar jelly and hormone rooting powder?

A

Auxins

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21
Q

What do Auxins do? (3)

A

Increase cell division and enlargement and promote plant tissue growth

22
Q

Phototropism

A

Response to the direction of light

23
Q

“Plants are positively phototrophic”; why is this and how does this help them?

A

Plants grow towards light so are positively phototrophic and by growing towards light, they increase their chances of survival

24
Q

Where is auxin produced in a plant?

A

Auxin is produced in the tip of growing shoots

25
Q

Describe the events of phototropism (3)

A
  1. Light is shone on one side of the plant so Auxin is produced in the tip and moves towards the shaded side
  2. Auxin produces growth/ elongation on the shaded side
  3. The short grows towards the light
26
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread like structures made from DNA that are grouped in pairs

27
Q

DNA

A

A double helix molecule called Deoxyribosenucleic Acid

28
Q

What are the 3 components of DNA?

A

Base, Sugar and Phosphate

29
Q

What are the four types of DNA base and how are they paired?

A

A, T, C, and G
A - T
C - G

30
Q

Name the two single helix nucleotides:

A

Messenger RNA and Transfer RNA

31
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

32
Q

3 bases in sequence make what?

A

An amino acid

33
Q

The sequence of amino acids determines what?

A

The type of protein synthesised and its properties

34
Q

What are the steps of protein synthesis? (6)

A
  1. DNA unzips - the hydrogen bonds between the bases break
  2. mRNA copies the gene for the required protein
  3. mRNA moves out of the nucleus
  4. mRNA moves to the ribosome
  5. Ribosome reacts with the mRNA code and tells tRNA to bring amino acids
  6. Amino acids are joined together to form a protein
35
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that produces two new cells that are identical to each other and the parent cell

36
Q

What are the purposes of mitosis?

A

For growth and repair

37
Q

Describe the steps of Mitosis: (3)

A
  1. GROWTH: Cells produce more organelles, increase in size and the DNA in each chromosome is copied
  2. DIVISION: The cell divides by cytokinesis: chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell and it splits
  3. Two identical daughter cells are produced as each double chromosome splits and two nuclei form
38
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that produces gametes

39
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

40
Q

How many chromosomes do human body cells have?

A

46; 23 pairs

41
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes have?

A

23

42
Q

Describe the steps of meiosis: (5)

A
  1. The gamete parent cell (46 chromosomes)
  2. The chromosomes are copied and pair up (92 chromosomes)
  3. Chromosomes swap genes “crossing over”
  4. The cell divides then divides again
  5. This produces 4 daughter cells that are un identical and contain half the number of chromosomes the parent cell had
43
Q

How can a gene be turned on or off? (2)

A

ON: to get produce protein from a gene, mRNA copies the base code of DNA and takes it to the ribosome where it is built “ON”
OFF: If the cell wants to stop a protein being made, a blocker protein attaches to the gene, blocking mRNA access, turning the gene “OFF”

44
Q

What are stem cells used for? (4/5)

A 
Replacing damaged or diseased cells
Treating Parkinson's
Rebuilding bones and cartilage
Making replacement heart valves
Repairing a damaged immune system
45
Q

What sort of cells can bone marrow stem cells become?

A

Any blood cell

46
Q

Why are there ethical issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells?

A

When the cells are removed from IVF embryos, the embryo is killed

47
Q

How is a burn victim treated? (3)

A
  1. Take a skin cell from an unburied area
  2. Grow it in nutrient medium
  3. Cell divides to form new tissue which is transplanted to the burn
48
Q

Describe the steps of Therapeutic cloning: (5)

A
  1. Remove the nucleus from and egg cell
  2. Put a body cell nucleus into that egg cell instead
  3. Stimulate the cell to divide to form an “embryo”
  4. Take the stem cells from this “embryo” and grow in nutrients
  5. Replace any type of cell with these cells
49
Q

Why is therapeutic cloning good? (2)

A

It doesn’t require fertilisation and creates cells that are genetically identical to the patient so won’t be rejected

50
Q

How can a cell be reactivated?

A

If the gene for creating blocker proteins is “turned off”, a cell will revert to its stem cell state

Biology (6 decks)

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