B4 - The Processes of Life Flashcards
What is the equation of photosynthesis? Word and balanced symbol
Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
What is chlorophyll and what does it do?
Chlorophyll is a green chemical which is found in the chloroplasts and allows plants to absorb energy from sunlight
Name the 6 uses of Glucose made from photosynthesis:
- cellulose for cell walls
- proteins for growth
- used to make chlorophyll
- respired to give energy
- oil for energy storage
- starch for energy storage
Name four parts of the inside of a leaf (think of the section through a leaf diagram)
Epidermis, waxy cuticle, palicate cells, chloroplasts
What are the three limiting factors of the rate of photosynthesis?
Light intensity, CO2 concentration and temperature
Name as many parts of a plant cell as possible: (7)
Cell membrane, nucleus, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuole, cytoplasm
Name the parts of an animal cell: (4)
Nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm
Flagellum
Almost “tail”-like structure that propels the cell
What does the Nucleus do?
Contains DNA, stores the genetic code to make enzymes and proteins
What does the Cell Wall do?
Supports and protects cell; lets water and other chemicals pass through
What does the Cell Membrane do?
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Mitochondria
The site of respiration; contain the enzymes that release energy from glucose
What does the Chloroplast do?
The site of photosynthesis
Ribosomes
The site of protein synthesis
DNA
Deoxyribosenucleic acid; codes for characteristics and co-ordinates cells
Where is DNA in Bacteria?
In the cytoplasm
Where is respiration in Bacteria
The cell membrane
Diffusion
The passive movement of chemicals from an area of high concentration to low
Osmosis
A special type of diffusion involving water
Dilute
High water concentration
Concentrated
Low water concentration
The rate of diffusion depends on what three things?
- Temperature
- Any walls/ barriers
- The different concentrations in each area
What is the equation of protein synthesis?
Glucose + nitrate -> Amino acids
Active transport
A process by which chemicals are taken into a cell from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy from respiration
Enzymes
Chemicals that speed up or catalyse chemical reactions
What does it mean if an enzyme is denatured?
When the pH changes or the temperature rises or falls drastically, the active site of the enzyme is altered, at a certain point, the point of denature, the active site is permanently damaged
What are the four steps of Enzyme reactions?
- Substrate molecules move towards the enzyme’s active site
- Substrate molecule fits in active site in enzyme
- Reaction occurs and products made, the enzyme speeds up this reaction
- Product molecules do not fit in enzymes as well and are released. The enzyme can then be used again with new substrate molecules
Respiration
A series of chemical reactions in cells that release energy by breaking down large food molecules
What is the equation of aerobic respiration? Word and balanced symbols
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
What are the three uses of the energy made by photosynthesis?
Growth, Repair and Movement
What are three examples of when anaerobic occurs?
Human cells during vigorous exercise, Plant roots in waterlogged soil, Bacteria in deep puncture wounds
What is the word equation of anaerobic respiration?
Glucose -> Lactic acid + Energy + Carbon dioxide
Explain the idea of oxygen debt:
After anaerobic respiration you are in oxygen debt and must breathe heavily to flood you system with oxygen and remove the lactic acid
Fermentation
A type of anaerobic respiration used by some microorganisms
What is the equation of fermentation?
Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
What are two food items made by the process of fermentation?
Alcohol (Beer) and Bread
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some bacteria make their own food using CO2 and H2O
