Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > B2 - Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

B2 - Keeping Healthy Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the main pathogens?

A

Bacteria and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the symptoms of bacteria caused diseases caused by?

A

Release of poisons/ toxins by the bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the symptoms of virus caused diseases caused by?

A

Damage to the cells as the viruses reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of bacterial diseases (give 2)

A
  • Bacterial meningitis
  • Tetanus
  • Salmonella
  • Food poisoning
  • Tuberculosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of viral diseases (give 2)

A
  • Influenza (flu)
  • The common cold
  • Measles
  • Chicken pox
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Binary fission

A

A type of asexual reproduction which involves one microorganism splitting into two. Bacteria use this method.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Exponential growth

A

The rapid reproduction Bacteria carry out in the ideal conditions of the human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do viruses spread?

A
  • They enter a host cell and hijack the cell’s mechanisms for making DNA and proteins
  • They then copy themselves
  • The copies are released by the thousands from the infected cell
  • The copies go on to infect other cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4 phases of bacteria growth? Describe each

A
  1. Lag phase - No reproductions, the bacteria are copying DNA and proteins
  2. Exponential growth phase - Rapid reproduction occurs
  3. Stationary phase - Resources become scarce and bacteria are dying at the same rate as being produced
  4. Death phase - Bacteria become poisoned by their own toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the body’s external defences?

A

Skin, chemicals in tears, chemicals in sweat, stomach acid and saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What’s the body’s internal defence?

A

The immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

White blood cells are made in…

A

The bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do the several types of white blood do?

A
  • Some ingest and destroy pathogens
  • Some produce anti-bodies to destroy pathogens
  • Others produce anti-toxins to neutralise pathogen toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anti-gens

A

Chemicals on pathogens which antibodies recognise as foreign.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens when an antibody locks onto its corresponding antigen?

A
  1. The white blood cell divides to produce many copies.

2. Each white blood cell produces many antibody molecules that lock onto the invading cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do different antibodies do?

A
  • Destroy the invading microorganism
  • Enable white blood cells to recognise the microorganism as foreign
  • Cause the microorganism to clump together meaning it’s easier to engulf for white blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vaccination

A

Putting a small amount of an inactive form of a pathogen into the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Antimicrobials

A

Substances that are used to kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Antibiotic

A

A type of antimicrobial which is effective against bacteria only.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Examples of antimicrobials:

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Antivirals
  • Antifungals
  • Cleaning products
  • Antiseptics
  • Disinfectants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Superbugs

A

Bacteria which are resistant to some antibiotics

22
Q

Mutations

A

Random changes in the genes

23
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

24
Q

Why is MRSA dangerous?

A

It’s resistant to most antibiotics and is a real problem in hospitals.

25
Q

3 steps of drug testing:

A
  1. Computer models and human cells
  2. Animal testing
  3. Clinical trials
26
Q

Placebo

A

A tablet or liquid made to look like the drug but without the active ingredient

27
Q

Open-label trial

A

Both researchers and patients know which drug the patient is receiving

28
Q

Blind study

A

The patient doesn’t know which drug they are taking but the researcher does

29
Q

Double-blind study

A

Neither patient nor researcher knows which drug is being given

30
Q

Why is it important to investigate the effects of a drug over time?

A
  • Side effects may appear or increase over time

* The drug may become less effective

31
Q

What are the parts of the circulatory system?

A

•Heart, blood vessels and blood

32
Q

What does blood do?

A

Carry oxygen and nutrients to body cells and waste products away from them

33
Q

Types of blood vessel?

A

Arteries, capillaries and veins

34
Q

Structure and job of arteries

A

Arteries take blood away from the heart under high pressure and they have thick, elastic and muscular walls to withstand the pressure.

35
Q

Structure and job of capillaries

A

Capillaries link arteries and veins and allow food and oxygen to diffuse to cells while waste is diffused from cells. They have thin walls only one cell thick.

36
Q

Structure and job of veins

A

Veins transport blood from the body cells to the heart under low pressure. They have thin, elastic, muscular walls and one way values to direct the blood and prevent backflow.

37
Q

What do Coronary arteries do?

A

Supply the heart with blood, oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products

38
Q

How do heart attacks happen?

A
  1. Fatty deposits build up in the coronary arteries.
  2. A blood clot can form on a fatty deposit. The blood clot can block a coronary artery.
  3. Some heart muscle cells do not get the nutrients they need.
  4. These cells start to die
39
Q

What is heart disease usually caused by?

A
  • Genetic factors

* Lifestyle factors

40
Q

Lifestyle factors which can cause heart disease:

A
  • Smoking
  • Drinking lots of alcohol
  • Lack of regular exercise
  • Poor diet
  • Stress leading to a fast heart rate
  • Misuse of drugs
41
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the factors affecting health and illness of populations

42
Q

Pulse rate

A

The number pulses as blood passes through an artery closes to the skin

43
Q

Blood pressure

A

The pressure of blood on the walls of an artery

44
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a consistent environment

45
Q

What do kidneys do?

A
  • Maintain our water balance by producing urine of different concentrations
  • Respond to changes in the blood plasma
46
Q

What factors affect the water levels in blood plasma?

A
  • External temperature
  • Exercise level
  • Fluid intake
  • Salt intake
47
Q

What is ADH? Where is it produced

A

Anti-diuretic hormone is produced in the pituitary gland in the brain

48
Q

What does alcohol do to the ADH production? What does this cause?

A

Alcohol suppresses the release of ADH, this causes the kidney to produce more dilute urine as less water is re absorbed

49
Q

What does ecstasy do to the ADH production? What does this cause?

A

It increases ADH production so more water is re absorbed by the kidneys creating concentrated urine

50
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease.

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions