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GCSE - Biology > B5 - communicable diseases > Flashcards

B5 - communicable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are communicable diseases caused by

A

pathogens (like bacteria and viruses)

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2
Q

what is a non communicable disease

A

a disease that cannot be transmitted from one person to another

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3
Q

what three factors can affect health

A

diet
stress
life sotuations

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4
Q

how does your diet affect your health

A

not eating enough/the right nutrients - can lead to anaemia, starvation, or rickets
too much food/not the right food - can cause obesity, some cancers, type 2 diseases

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5
Q

how can stress affect health

A

increased risk of heart disease, certain cancers, and mental health problems

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6
Q

what life situations can affect your health (x7)

A

where you live in the world
gender
financial status
ethnic group
levels of free healthcare you can access
amount of children
local sewage and rubbish disposal

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7
Q

how do viruses and cancers interact

A

viruses living in cells can trigger changes that lead to cancers

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8
Q

how does a defective immune system lead to health problems

A

it may not work properly
may result in poor nutrition or infections like HIV/AIDS

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9
Q

how can immune reactions caused by a pathogen affect allergies

A

they can trigger allergies to factors in the environment like skin rashes hives or asthma

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10
Q

how are physical and mental health linked

A

severe physical health can lead to depression and other mental illness

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11
Q

what does malnutrition lead to in health problems

A

deficiency diseases
weakened immune system
obesity
cardiovascular diseases
type 2 diabetes
cancer

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12
Q

what are the most common pathogens in plants

A

viruses and fungi

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13
Q

what are bacteria

A

single called living organisms used to make yogurt, cheese, treat sewage, and make medicines

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14
Q

how do pathogens cause diseases

A

bacteria divide rapidly by binary fission, produce toxins that affect your body
viruses take over cells of your body, live and reproduce inside cells, damaging and destroying them

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15
Q

how do pathogens spread by air

A

when you are ill you expel tiny droplets full of pathogens from your breathing system
other people pick up the infection through the air

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16
Q

how are pathogens spread by direct contact

A

plants/people directly touch skin or flesh spreading the disease
some are spread through blood like HIV AIDS and hepatitis

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17
Q

how are pathogens spread by water

A

fungal spores in splashes of water spread plant disease
drinking contaminated water or undercooked food can spread pathogens

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18
Q

describe the process of growing microorganisms in the lab

A

pour hot agar gel into a sterilised petri dish
leave it to cool and set
inoculate the agar using uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms
incubate the petri dishes and store them upside down

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19
Q

why must you keep petri dishes upside down

A

so condensation does not fall from the lid to the surface and contaminate it

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20
Q

what is a culture medium

A

a liquid or gel containing nutrients to feed the bacteria
contains carbohydrates, minerals, nitrogen source and sometimes other chemicals

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21
Q

what temperature must cultures be incubated at in a school environment

A

25°C to reduce the likelihood of harmful pathogens growing

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22
Q

what temperature does bacteria have to be grown at in a school environment and why

A

25°C to reduce the likelihood of harmful pathogens growing

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23
Q

how do you calculate the number of bacteria in a population

A

calculate how many times the bacteria will divide in an hour, then multiply to to apply to the amount of hours it will be growing
times the bacteria at the beginning of the growth period by 2^number or divisions

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24
Q

how do you prevent bacterial growth

A

raise or lower the temperature
use chemicals to stop them growing/kill them (disinfectants, antiseptics)

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25
what are antibiotics
chemicals that can be used in our bodies which kill bacteria
26
how do you calculate the effectiveness of disinfectants and antibiotics
find the area of inhibitions (pi x r^2)
27
what did ignaz semmelweis discover
that his medical students weren’t washing their hands between procedures, one student died from similar symptoms to childbed fever
28
what changes did ignaz semmelweis make
made his medical students start washing their hands less people died
29
what did louis pasteur do
develop vaccines against diseases like anthrax and rabies
30
what did joseph lister do
used antiseptic chemicals to destroy pathogens in operating theatres
31
how do you prevent the spread of pathogens through hygiene
hand washing using disinfectants keeping raw meat away from food coughing or sneezing into handkerchiefs maintaining hygiene of people and agricultural machinery
32
how does isolating infected people stop the spread of disease
fewer healthy people will come in contact with the infected person
33
how does controlling or destroying vectors prevent the spread of disease
some communicable diseases are spread by vectors destroying vectored means they cannot be sprwaf
34
how does vaccination prevent disease
if you come in contact with the pathogen, your immune system will be prepared
35
what are the symptoms of measles
red skin rash fever
36
how is measles spread
inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes
37
what can measles cause
blindness brain damage
38
what are the symptoms of HIV
mild flu like illness
39
when has a person developed AIDS
when their immune system is so badly damaged it cannot deal with infections or certain cancers
40
what factors affect the time between getting HIV and developing AIDS
level of nutrition overall health of the person access to antiretroviral drugs
41
how is HIV spread
sexual contact exchange of bodily fluids like blood can be spread to babies in breast milk
42
how can you prevent HIV
using condoms not sharing needles screening blood for transfusions HIV positive mothers bottle feeding children
43
what is tobacco mosaic virus
plant ideas es that destroys cells and affects growth of the plants affected areas do not photosynthesise
44
how is TMV spread
contact between diseases plants and healthy plants insects act as vextors
45
how can you prevent TMV
good field hygiene good pest control
46
what does salmonella do
disrupt the balance of natural gut bacteria
47
what are the symptoms of salmonella
fever abdominal cramps vomiting diarrhoea
48
what are common causes of salmonella
eating undercooked food eating food prepared in unhygienic conditions
49
how is gonorrhoea spread
unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
50
what are early symptoms of gonorrhoea
thick yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis pain on urination
51
what cba untreated gonorrhoea cause
long term pelvic pub infertility ectopic pregnancies babies born to infected mother may have sever eye infections/become blind
52
how can you cure/prevent the spread of gonorrhoea
antibiotics use the barrier method reduce number of sexual partners
53
what does agrobacterium tumefaciens cause
crown galls (mass of unspecialised cells that grow between root and shoot in infected plants)
54
how do plants get agrobacterium tumefaciens
bacteria inserts plasmids into plant cells
55
how do fatal human fungal diseases affect the body
attack the lungs or brains of people who are already ill
56
what does rose black spot cause
purple or black spots to develop on leaves of roses leaves turn yellow and drop early weakens plant
57
how are rose black spot spores spread
by air spores spread over plant after it rains in drops water splashes from one leaf or plant to another
58
how can you prevent rose black spot
removing and burning affected leaves and stems chemical fungicides
59
what is a protist
a type of single called organism
60
how is malaria spread
through vector of mosquitoes
61
what does malaria do
damage liver damage red blood cells shaking fevers
62
how can you stop malaria
using insecticide insect nests using insecticides to kill mosquitoes removing standing water so vectors can’t breed spraying water with insecticides to kill larvae antimalarial drugs
63
how is malaria caused
parasitic protists in the bite of female mosquitoes
64
how does your skin defend your body
scabs over a wound to prevent pathogens entering the body produces antimicrobial secretions covered with microorganism to help keep you healthy
65
how does your nose defend your body
full of hairs and produces mucus traps particles that may contain pathogen or irritants
66
how do the bronchi and trachea defend the body
secrete mucus covered in cilia to waste mucus up to back of throat to be swallowed
67
how does your stomach defend your body
produces acid that destroys microorganisms in swallowed mucus kills pathogens you eat in food
68
how do white blood cells protect against disease through ingesting microorganisms
WBC ingest pathogens, digest and destroy them so they can’t make you i’ll
69
how do white blood cells protect against diseases by producing antibodies
antibodies target particular bacteria or virus and destroy them antibodies can be made very quickly once they have been produced once
70
how do white blood cells protect against disease by producing antitoxins
antitoxins counteract toxins released by pathogens
71
how do aphids kill plants
penetrate phloem vessels of plant to feed on sugar rich phloem sap deprive plant cells of photosynthesis products seriously weaken and kill plant act as vectors
72
how do you destroy aphids
chemical pesticides biological pest control (release ladybirds and larvae to eat aphids)
73
how do nematode worms affect plants
feed on plant roots damage roots so they can’t absorb water and mineral ions effectively
74
what happens to plants if there is a nitrate deficiency
cannot convert sugars into proteins protein growth will be limited growth of plants will be stunted
75
why do plants need magnesium
to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis
76
what happens if there is a magnesium deficiency in plant soil
plant cannot make chlorophyll leaves become yellow growth slows down as it cannot photosynthesise
77
what is yellowing of leaves due to a magnesium deficiency called called
chlorosis
78
what are some symptoms of plant disease
stunted growth spots on leaves areas of decay or rotting growths malformed stems and leaves discolouration presence of pests
79
how can you treat plant diseases
pesticides anti fungal treatments
80
how can you identify diseases
gardening manuals lab tests
81
how do monoclonal antibodies help identify diseases
identify certain plant pathogens like botrytis

GCSE - Biology (10 decks)

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