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GCSE - Biology > B4 - organising animals and plants > Flashcards

B4 - organising animals and plants Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the components of blood

A

plasma
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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2
Q

what does blood plasma carry around the body (apart from blood cells)

A

waste carbon dioxide
urea formed in the liver
small soluble products of digestion

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3
Q

what are the adaptations of the red blood cells

A

bioncave discs - increased SA:V ratio for diffusion
packed with haemoglobin - binds to oxygen
no nucleus - more space for haemoglobin

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4
Q

what does each type of white blood cells do

A

lymphocytes - form antibodies against microorganisms
form antitoxins against posions made by microorgansism
phagocytes - engulf and digest incading bacteria and viruses

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5
Q

what is the role of platelets

A

clot the blood at the site of a wound

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6
Q

what is blood clotting

A

a series of enzyme controlled reactions resulting in coverting fibrinogen into fibrin
produces network of protein fibres that collect RBC and platelets
forms a jelly like clot

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7
Q

what do the arteries do

A

carry oxygenated blood away from your heart to the organs of your body

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8
Q

describe the structure of arteries

A

thick walls containing muscle and elastic fibres
small lumen

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9
Q

what do veins do

A

carry deoxygenated blood from the organs to the heart

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10
Q

describe the structure of veins

A

thinner walls than arteries
have valves to prevent backflow of blood
large lumen

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11
Q

what do capillaries do

A

form a network of tiny vessels linking the arteries and the veins
diffuse oxygen and glucose easily out of blood into cells

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12
Q

describe the structure of capillaries

A

narrow
very thin walls

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13
Q

what is a double circulatory system

A

one transport system carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back again, allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged with the air in the lungs
other transport system carries blood from heart to other organs of your body and back again

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14
Q

why is a double circulatory system important in animals

A

makes system very efficient

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15
Q

how is oxygen supplied to the muscles of your heart

A

coronary arteries

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16
Q

describe the passage of blood through the heart

A

blood enters the top chambers of your heart (artria)
blood coming into right atrium from vena cava is deoxygenated blood
blood coming into left atruym in pulmonary artery is oxygenated blood
atria contract together and force blood down into ventricles

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17
Q

what is a common cause of coronary heart disease

A

buildup of fatty material on the lining of the vessels
causes narrow coronary arteries

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18
Q

what are the effects of coronary heart disease

A

supply of oxygen to heart muscle is reduced
causes pain, heart attacks, death

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19
Q

what is a stent

A

a metal mesh that is placed in the artery to open up the blood vessel

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20
Q

what are the benefits of stents

A

can be put in place without general anaesthetic
can open a blocked artery almost anywhere
can release drugs to prevent blood clotting

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21
Q

what is bypass surgery

A

when the narrow or blocked coronary artery is replaced with bits of veins from other parts of the body

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22
Q

what are the benefits and disadvantages of bypass surgery

A

BENEFITS - works for badly blocked arteries (where stents cannot help)
DISADVANTAGES - expensive,
risk associated with general anaesthetic

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23
Q

what are statins

A

drugs that reduce blood cholesterol levels
slows down rate at which fatty material is deposited into coronary arteries

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24
Q

how can you help leaky valves

A

replace with mechanical valves (made of titanium and polymers)
replace with biological valves (taken from animals such as pig, cattle, or human donors)

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25
Q

benefits and disadvantages of mechanical heart valves

A

BENEFITS - last a long time
DISADVANTAGES - need to take medicine for the rest of your life

26
Q

benefits and disadvantages of biological valves

A

BENEFITS - work extremely well, the patient needs no medication
DISADVANTAGES - only last around 12-15 years

27
Q

what does a pace maker do

A

correct irregularities in the heart rate

28
Q

benefits and disadvantages of an artificial pacemaker

A

BENEFITS - increase in quality and length of life
DISADVANTAGES - regular medical check ups needed

29
Q

advantages of an artificial heart

A

gives people a chance to live a normal life whilst they wait for a donor
give diseased hearts a rest to recover

30
Q

disadvantages of an artificial heart

A

need lots of machinery
most patients have to stay in hospital until transplant
risk or blood clotting

31
Q

how do the lungs ventilate

A

by the contraction and relaxation of intercostal muscles between ribs and diaphragm

32
Q

what happens when your breathe in (the physical process, not involving gases)

A

ribs move up and out, diaphragm flattens, volume of chest increases
increased volume means lower pressure in chest
atmospheric air at higher pressure than chest, air is drawn into lungs

33
Q

what happens when you breathe out (physical process not involving gases)

A

ribs fall, diaphragm moves up, volume of chest gets smaller
decreased volume means increased pressure in chest
pressure in chest higher than outside, air is forced into lungs

34
Q

what happens when you breathe in (in terms of gases)

A

oxygen rich air moves into lungs
maintains steep concentration gradient with blood
oxygen diffuses into bloodstream

35
Q

what happens when you breathe out (in terms of gases)

A

removes carbon dioxide rich air from lungs
maintains concentration gradient
carbon dioxide diffuses out of bloodstream into air in lungs

36
Q

adaptations of the alveoli

A

rich supply of blood capillaries (maintains concentration gradient)
later of cells between air in lungs and blood in capillaries is only one cell wide (allows diffusion to easily take place)
large surface area

37
Q

what do epidermal tissues do

A

cover the surface of plants and protects them
secrete waxy substance that waterproof surface of leaf

38
Q

what does the palisade mesophyll tissue do

A

contain lots of chloroplasts (carry out photosynthesis)

39
Q

what does the spongy mesophyll tissue do

A

contains some chloroplast
big air spaces
large surface area to make diffusion of gases easier

40
Q

what does the xylem do

A

carry water and dissolved mineral ions from roots up to leaves

41
Q

what does the phloem do

A

carry dissolved food from the leaves around the plant

42
Q

what’s the role of the stem in plants

A

support leaves and flowers

43
Q

what’s the role of the roots in plants

A

take up water and minerals from soil

44
Q

what’s the role of the leaf in plants

A

carry out photosynthesis

45
Q

what is translocation

A

the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

46
Q

how do aphids and greenfly kill plants

A

they push shard mouthparts into the phloem and feed on the sugary fluid
because the plant is not getting its food it dies

47
Q

why are young trees vulnerable to animals

A

their xylem lies in a ring just underneath the bark
if a complete ring of bark is eaten transport in the xylem stops
the tree cannot get water which means it cannot perform photosynthesis
it dies

48
Q

why is transport of sugars important

A

all the cells need sugars for respiration and to provide materials for growth

49
Q

why does a plant need water

A

photosynthesis
hold itself upright

50
Q

what do guard cells do

A

control the size of the stomata and their opening and closing

51
Q

what is transpiration

A

the loss of water vapour through the leaves

52
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A

the constant movement of water molecules through the xylem from the roots to the leaves

53
Q

describe the transpiration stream

A

water moves into roots from soil by osmosis (replaced water constantly moving up stem)
water moves up from roots into stem
water moves through stem into leaves to replace water lost by evaporation
water is lost from leaves by evaporation through stomata

54
Q

what are the factors that affect transpiration

A

temperature
humidity
amount of air movement
light intensity

55
Q

how does light intensity affect transpiration

A

higher light intensity = more photosynthesis
more photosynthesis = stomata opening up to let in CO2
when stomata are open, rate at which water is lost by evaporation and diffusion increases
increase in light intensity=increase in rate of transpiration

56
Q

how does humidity affect transpiration

A

hot windy conditions means more water evaporates from cells and diffusion happens quicker
water vapour diffuses quicker into dry air due to concentration gradient
windy conditions keeps concentration gradient high by moving water vapour

57
Q

how does temperature affect transpiration

A

molecules move quicker when temperature increases so diffusion happens quicker
rate of photosynthesis increased as temperature increases (more stomata open for gas exchange to take place)

58
Q

how does the cuticle prevent water loss

A

waxy and waterproof or thick and shiny

59
Q

what will a plant do if it loses water too fast

A

plant may wilt - reduces surface area available for water loss
stomata close - stops photosynthesis risks overheating BUT prevents most water loss

60
Q

what does a potometer do

A

show how uptake of water by plant changes in different conditions

GCSE - Biology (10 decks)

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