B5 Flashcards by Effie Butler

What is homeostasis?

The regulation of a constant internal environment

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In humans, what does homeostasis regulate?

Blood glucose (sugar) levels, the body temperature, CO2 levels and water levels

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What are the two automatic control systems that regulate the bodies constant internal environment?

Nervous system and endocrine system

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What is a stimulus?

Information about the environment

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What is information about the environment detected by?

Receptor

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The information detected by the receptor is processed by what

The central coordination system

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What are the steps of the nervous path?

Stimulus receptor, censoring neuron, CNS motor neuron, effector, and response

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Example of effectors are

Muscles or glands

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Where is the putuitary gland?

In the brain

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What is a reflex?

A fast automatic response to a particular stimulus, which may be harmful to the organism

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Why are reflexes quick?

Because there is no conscious thought, or process to deliver their response

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What is the pathway which carries the information about a reflex action called?

Reflex arc

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What are hormones?

Chemical messengers transported in the bloodstream to an effector where they can activate a response

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What is the speed, duration and target area of neurons (nervous system)?

-speed is fast duration is short and target area is specific

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What is the speed, duration and target area of hormones?

The speed is slow. The duration is long and the target area is general.

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What is the piturity gland?

Produces a range of hormones, including FSH and LH

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What is type one diabetes?

When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to control the blood sugar levels, so the levels become higher than normal

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How is type one diabetes usually treated?

Injections of insulin

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What is type two diabetes?

Disorder of effective cells, which no longer respond to the hormones released from the pancreas

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How is type two diabetes managed?

Through lifestyle choices, such as maintaining a carbohydrate controlled diet and a regular exercise

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What is oestrogen and where is it produced?

Is the main reproductive hormone in females and is produced in the ovaries

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What is testosterone and where is it produced?

Main reproductive hormone in males. It is produced in the testes and this hormone stimulates the production of sperm.

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What does the pancreas do?

Is the organ and gland which monitors and regulates the blood glucose levels

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What happens if the blood glucose concentration becomes too low?

Pancreas releases glucagon, which acts on the liver and muscles to cause the stored glycogen to be converted back into glucose and released in the bloodstream

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What happens if the blood glucose concentration becomes too high?

Pancreas releases insulin which causes the cells to absorb glucose, liver and muscles, convert the glucose into glycogen to be stored

What are the four main reproductive hormones of the menstrual cycle?

- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - oestrogen - luteinising hormone (LH) - progesterone

Where is FSH produced?

In the pituitary gland

What is the response caused by FSH?

An egg to develop in one of the ovaries

How does FSH interact with other hormones (ht only)?

Stimulates the production of oestrogen

Where is the hormone oestrogen produced?

Ovaries

What is the response caused by oestrogen?

The lining of the uterus building up and thickening

How does oestrogen interact with other hormones (HT only)?

Stimulates the production of LH, inhibits the production of FSH.

Where is the hormone LH produced?

Pituitary gland

What is the response cause by LH?

Ovulation (at around day 14 of the cycle)

How does LH interact with other hormones (HT only)?

Indirectly stimulates the production of progesterone

What is HT?

Hormone therapy, uses one or more hormone to treat symptoms of menopause

Where is progesterone produced?

Ovaries

How does progesterone interact with other hormones (ht only)

Inhibits the production of LH

Is the pill, hormonal or a non-hormonal contraceptive?

Hormonal

How does the pill work?

Pill taken, which contains hormones to inhibit FSH, so that an egg does not mature

Pros of the pill

Easily self-administered short-term effects can easily be reversed very reliable

Cons of the pill

May have mild side-effects associated Could lead to pregnancy if missed Does not protect from STI

Is the implant, hormonal or non-hormonal

Hormonal

How does the implant work?

Contains progesterone, which is slowly released to inhibit the release of eggs for months or even years

Pros of the implant

- Administered through routine appointment at GP surgery - Requires little to know, after-care or maintenance - Very reliable

Cons of the implant

- May take time for effect to be reversed once removed - Does not protect from STI’s

Is using a condom, hormonal, or non-hormonal

Non-hormonal

How do condoms work?

Create a physical barrier to prevent sperm from reaching the egg

Pros of condoms

- Easy to use, - short-term effects - very reliable - provides protection from most STI’s

Cons of using condoms

Can fail

Is the coil, hormonal or non-hormonal

Hormonal

How does the coil work?

The device is attached to the lining of the uterus and releases, hormones or prevents the implantation of an embryo

Pros of the coil

Requires little to know, after-care or maintenance Very reliable

Cons of the coil

May take some time for effect to be reversed once removed Does not protect from STIs

Is spermicidal, agents, hormonal, or non-hormonal

Non-hormonal

How does spermicidal agents work?

Contains chemicals to kill or immobilise sperm cells

Pros of spermicidal agents

Easy to use Short-term effects

Cons of spermicidal agents

Does not protect from STI Less effective when used as the only method

What are the stages of in vitro fertilisation (IVF)?

- the woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate the ovaries to mature and release eggs - the eggs are then collected from the woman and fertilised using sperm. This is done in a lab - the fertilised eggs become embryos - one or two embryos are inserted into the woman’s uterus for implantation - if successful the pregnancy progresses

Cons of IVF

- stressful and emotional - success rates are low - carry a higher chance of twins, triplets etc. This carries a risk to mother and babies - expensive

Where is adrenaline produced?

Adrenal glands

What does adrenaline respond to?

Stress or fear

What is adrenaline’s effect?

Increase the heart rate and breathing rate and cause vasodilation (widening of the blood vessels) in order to supply the brain and muscles with more oxygen and glucose

Where is thyroxine produced?

Thyroid gland

What does thyroxine do?

Stimulates the rate of metabolism in the body by controlling how quickly food products and oxygen are reacted, therefore controlling how quickly energy is released