B2

Question 1

What is the principle of organisation?

Answer 1

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 2

What is a cell?

Answer 2

Basic building blocks of all living cells

Question 3

What is a tissue?

Answer 3

A group of cells with a similar structure and function is called a tissue

Question 4

What is an organ?

Answer 4

An organ is a combination of tissues carrying out a specific function

Question 5

What is an organ system?

Answer 5

Organs work together within an organ system

Question 6

What is an organism?

Answer 6

Any living thing

Question 7

What is an enzyme?

Answer 7

A biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up itself

Question 8

What happens when there is extreme conditions of pH or temperature?

Answer 8

The enzyme will denature

Question 9

What happens when the enzyme denatures?

Answer 9

The active site will break and deform, the substrate will not be able to fit into the active site anymore. The enzyme cannot function.

Question 10

What is the enzyme and product of starch?

Answer 10

Enzyme - amylase
Product - sugars (glucose)

Question 11

What is the enzyme and product of protein?

Answer 11

Enzyme - protease
Product - amino acids

Question 12

What is the enzyme and product for lipid?

Answer 12

Enzyme - lipase
Product - glycerol and fatty acids

Question 13

Where is bile produced and stored?

Answer 13

Produced - liver
Stored - gall bladder

Question 14

Is bile an acid or an alkaline?

Answer 14

Alkaline

Question 15

What does the alkaline bit of bile do?

Answer 15

Neutralises the hydrochloride acid in the stomach.
Also works to emulsify fats into small droplets.

Question 16

What direction does the artery carry the blood?

Answer 16

Away from the heart

Question 17

Is the blood carried by the artery oxygenated or deoxygenated?

Answer 17

Oxygenated (except the pulmonary artery)

Question 18

Describe the structure of an artery?

Answer 18

Thick, elastic, muscular, connective tissue for strength

Question 19

Is the lumen of an artery narrow or wide?

Answer 19

Narrow

Question 20

What direction does the vein carry the blood?

Answer 20

Towards the heart

Question 21

Is the blood carried by the vein oxygenated or deoxygenated?

Answer 21

Deoxygenated (except the pulmonary vein)

Question 22

Describe the structure of a vein

Answer 22

• thin
• less muscular
• less connective tissue
• wide lumen

Question 23

What is the lumen?

Answer 23

Channel inside the vessel

Question 24

The heart works as a double pump meaning two systems, what are these two systems?

Answer 24

• pulmonary circulation
• systematic circulation

Question 25

What does the pulmonary circulation do?

Answer 25

Serves the lungs and brings deoxygenated blood to exchange waste carbon dioxide gas for oxygen at the alveoli

Question 26

What does systematic circulation do?

Answer 26

Serves the rest of the body and transports oxygen and nutrients from digestion to the cells of the body, whilst carrying carbon dioxide and other waste away from the cells

Question 27

What does pacemakers do?

Answer 27

Produce electrical impulses which stimulate the surrounding muscle to contract, squeezing the chambers of the heart and pumping the blood

Question 28

What does the sino- atrial node (SAN) do?

Answer 28

Located near the right atrium and it stimulates the atria to contract

Question 29

What does the Antrim-ventricular node (AVN) do?

Answer 29

Located in between the ventricles and stimulates them to contract

Question 30

What does coronary heart disease result from?

Answer 30

Blockages in the coronary arteries

Question 31

What are the main symptoms of CHD?

Answer 31

Chest pain Heart attack Heart failure

Question 32

What lifestyle can increase the risk of a person developing CHD?

Answer 32

Diet Smoking Stress Drugs Alcahol

Question 33

What is the blood composed of?

Answer 33

- white blood cells - red blood cells - platelets All suspended in plasma

Question 34

What does red blood cells do?

Answer 34

Transports oxygen around the body.

Question 35

What does white blood cells do?

Answer 35

Form part of the immune system and ingest pathogens and produce antibodies

Question 36

Why are platelets important?

Answer 36

Clotting blood

Question 37

What is the number of beats the heart performs each minute called?

Answer 37

Pulse or heart rate

Question 38

How is heart rate measured?

Answer 38

Counting the number of beats in a given time

Question 39

Typically, what does a lower heart rate mean?

Answer 39

Greater level of physical fitness

Question 40

What is cardiac output?

Answer 40

Measure of the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute

Question 41

What is stroke volume?

Answer 41

Measure of the volume of blood pumped from the heart each concentration

Question 42

Equation for cardiac output?

Answer 42

Heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (cm^3/beat)

Question 43

What is cancer the result of?

Answer 43

If uncontrolled cell growth and division. This is called a tumour.

Question 44

What are key factors of benign tumours?

Answer 44

- usually grows tumours - usually grows within membrane and can be easily removed - does not normally grow back - does not spread - can cause damage to organs and be life - threatening

Question 45

Factors of malignant tumour

Answer 45

- cancerous - usually grows radially - can spread around the body via the bloodstream - cells can break away and cause secondary tumours to grow in other areas of the body

Question 46

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

Answer 46

Breaking down large molecules into smaller, soluble molecules

Question 47

What is the main function of leaves?

Answer 47

Absorbing sunlight energy for use of photosynthesis.

Question 48

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Answer 48

Carbon dioxide + water - oxygen + glucose

Question 49

What is the structure of a leaf?

Answer 49

Flat, thin and a large surface area.

Question 50

Why do leaves have a large surface area?

Answer 50

So they have maximum area to absorb the sunlight and carbon dioxide

Question 51

Why does a leaf have a thin shape?

Answer 51

Reduces the distance for diffusion of water and gases

Question 52

What is the function of xylem?

Answer 52

Transports water and dissolved minerals toward the leaves.

Question 53

Function of the phloem?

Answer 53

Transports glucose and other products from photosynthesis around the plant

Question 54

What do the guard cells of a leaf do?

Answer 54

Change shape to open and close the stomata, controlling the rate of gas exchange in the leaf

Question 55

Plants absorb water by…

Answer 55

Osmosis

Question 56

What is active transport?

Answer 56

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient

Question 57

What features have root hair cells adapted for their function?

Answer 57

- finger like protection in the membrane - narrow shape of projection - many mitochondria

Question 58

What is transpiration?

Answer 58

Loss of water by evaporation and diffusion Water diffusing from the leaves (high concentration) to the air around the plants (low concentration)