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Biology > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the principle of organisation?

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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2
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic building blocks of all living cells

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3
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function is called a tissue

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4
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ is a combination of tissues carrying out a specific function

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5
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Organs work together within an organ system

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6
Q

What is an organism?

A

Any living thing

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7
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up itself

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8
Q

What happens when there is extreme conditions of pH or temperature?

A

The enzyme will denature

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9
Q

What happens when the enzyme denatures?

A

The active site will break and deform, the substrate will not be able to fit into the active site anymore. The enzyme cannot function.

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10
Q

What is the enzyme and product of starch?

A

Enzyme - amylase
Product - sugars (glucose)

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11
Q

What is the enzyme and product of protein?

A

Enzyme - protease
Product - amino acids

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12
Q

What is the enzyme and product for lipid?

A

Enzyme - lipase
Product - glycerol and fatty acids

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13
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

Produced - liver
Stored - gall bladder

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14
Q

Is bile an acid or an alkaline?

A

Alkaline

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15
Q

What does the alkaline bit of bile do?

A

Neutralises the hydrochloride acid in the stomach.
Also works to emulsify fats into small droplets.

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16
Q

What direction does the artery carry the blood?

A

Away from the heart

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17
Q

Is the blood carried by the artery oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Oxygenated (except the pulmonary artery)

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18
Q

Describe the structure of an artery?

A

Thick, elastic, muscular, connective tissue for strength

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19
Q

Is the lumen of an artery narrow or wide?

A

Narrow

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20
Q

What direction does the vein carry the blood?

A

Towards the heart

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21
Q

Is the blood carried by the vein oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Deoxygenated (except the pulmonary vein)

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22
Q

Describe the structure of a vein

A
  • thin
  • less muscular
  • less connective tissue
  • wide lumen
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23
Q

What is the lumen?

A

Channel inside the vessel

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24
Q

The heart works as a double pump meaning two systems, what are these two systems?

A
  • pulmonary circulation
  • systematic circulation
25
Q

What does the pulmonary circulation do?

A

Serves the lungs and brings deoxygenated blood to exchange waste carbon dioxide gas for oxygen at the alveoli

26
Q

What does systematic circulation do?

A

Serves the rest of the body and transports oxygen and nutrients from digestion to the cells of the body, whilst carrying carbon dioxide and other waste away from the cells

27
Q

What does pacemakers do?

A

Produce electrical impulses which stimulate the surrounding muscle to contract, squeezing the chambers of the heart and pumping the blood

28
Q

What does the sino- atrial node (SAN) do?

A

Located near the right atrium and it stimulates the atria to contract

29
Q

What does the Antrim-ventricular node (AVN) do?

A

Located in between the ventricles and stimulates them to contract

30
Q

What does coronary heart disease result from?

A

Blockages in the coronary arteries

31
Q

What are the main symptoms of CHD?

A

Chest pain
Heart attack
Heart failure

32
Q

What lifestyle can increase the risk of a person developing CHD?

A

Diet
Smoking
Stress
Drugs
Alcahol

33
Q

What is the blood composed of?

A
  • white blood cells
  • red blood cells
  • platelets
    All suspended in plasma
34
Q

What does red blood cells do?

A

Transports oxygen around the body.

35
Q

What does white blood cells do?

A

Form part of the immune system and ingest pathogens and produce antibodies

36
Q

Why are platelets important?

A

Clotting blood

37
Q

What is the number of beats the heart performs each minute called?

A

Pulse or heart rate

38
Q

How is heart rate measured?

A

Counting the number of beats in a given time

39
Q

Typically, what does a lower heart rate mean?

A

Greater level of physical fitness

40
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Measure of the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute

41
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Measure of the volume of blood pumped from the heart each concentration

42
Q

Equation for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (cm^3/beat)

43
Q

What is cancer the result of?

A

If uncontrolled cell growth and division. This is called a tumour.

44
Q

What are key factors of benign tumours?

A
  • usually grows tumours
  • usually grows within membrane and can be easily removed
  • does not normally grow back
  • does not spread
  • can cause damage to organs and be life - threatening
45
Q

Factors of malignant tumour

A
  • cancerous
  • usually grows radially
  • can spread around the body via the bloodstream
  • cells can break away and cause secondary tumours to grow in other areas of the body
46
Q

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

A

Breaking down large molecules into smaller, soluble molecules

47
Q

What is the main function of leaves?

A

Absorbing sunlight energy for use of photosynthesis.

48
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water - oxygen + glucose

49
Q

What is the structure of a leaf?

A

Flat, thin and a large surface area.

50
Q

Why do leaves have a large surface area?

A

So they have maximum area to absorb the sunlight and carbon dioxide

51
Q

Why does a leaf have a thin shape?

A

Reduces the distance for diffusion of water and gases

52
Q

What is the function of xylem?

A

Transports water and dissolved minerals toward the leaves.

53
Q

Function of the phloem?

A

Transports glucose and other products from photosynthesis around the plant

54
Q

What do the guard cells of a leaf do?

A

Change shape to open and close the stomata, controlling the rate of gas exchange in the leaf

55
Q

Plants absorb water by…

A

Osmosis

56
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient

57
Q

What features have root hair cells adapted for their function?

A
  • finger like protection in the membrane
  • narrow shape of projection
  • many mitochondria
58
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Loss of water by evaporation and diffusion

Water diffusing from the leaves (high concentration) to the air around the plants (low concentration)

Biology (7 decks)

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