B5

Question 1

what is health

Answer 1

health is the stat of mental, physcal and social well being

Question 2

whats a communicable disease

Answer 2

a disease whch can pass from one person to another

Question 3

whats a pathogen

Answer 3

they are microorganisms which and infect animals and plants and cause dieases

Question 4

what is a non-communicable disease

Answer 4

a disease which can not spread frfom one person to another

Question 5

how do bacteris make us feel ill

Answer 5

they relaes toxins whch harm our body

Question 6

how do viruses make us feel ill

Answer 6

virus need host cells to reproduce so they use our cells to reproduce and in doing so they damage our cells because they burst out of our cells

Question 7

how can patgogens spread from one person to another

Answer 7

air particles, food and water, direct contact, indirect contact, insect bites

Question 8

what are 3 thngs found in agar jelly when growing bacteria

Answer 8

glucose, proteins, oxygen

Question 9

at what rate do bactera grow

Answer 9

once every 20 minutes

Question 10

what is the process of bacteria multiplying called

Answer 10

binary fission

Question 11

how do you prepare a bacteria culture

Answer 11

Sterilise the inoculating loop by passing it through a
Bunsen burner flame until it is red hot. Let it cool, do not put the
loop down or blow on it to cool it

Step 2: Dip the sterilised loop into the suspension of bacteria you
would like to grow, use the loop to make zigzag streaks across
the surface of the agar. Replace the lid on the dish as quickly as
possible to avoid contamination.

Step 3: Fix the lid of the Petri dish wish tape to prevent
microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture – or
microbes from the culture escaping. Do not seal all the way
around the edge as oxygen will still need to enter so that bacteria
can respire and grow.

Step 4: The Petri dish should be labelled and stored upside down
to stop condensation falling on the agar surface. The dish should
be kept in an incudabotr set at 25⁰C.

Question 12

why are bacteria cultures kept at 25 degrees at school

Answer 12

so the bacteria dont grow uncontrollably and dont turn into harmful pathogens

Question 13

how would you calculate the area of bacteria growing on agar jelly

Answer 13

youd use pi X r squared

Question 14

how do vaccines work

Answer 14

they use a dead or unactive pathogen and inject it into our bodies so that our immune system can fight off the disease by producing anitbodies so when that pathogen tries to infect our body the immune system can fight it off

Question 15

what is an antibody

Answer 15

a special protein made which is made in order to fight off antigens

Question 16

what is an anitgen

Answer 16

an antigen is a protein found on the surface of a pathogen

Question 17

what are antitoxins

Answer 17

a substance which counteracts the harmful toxins produced by pathogens

Question 18

name 2 bacterial diseases and how they’re spread

Answer 18

salmonella - through food either being undercooked or being prepared in unhygenic conditions
gonorrhoea - through sexual contact

Question 19

what are the symptoms and treatments of gonorrhoea an salmonella

Answer 19

salmonella can cause fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting. the spread can be reduced by vaccinating poultry against it. if you do get it you can have antibiotics
gonorrhoea - thick yelow or green discharge from the penis or vagina and pain during urination. it can be treated by antibiotics and using condoms.

Question 20

what are some viral diseases and how are they spread

Answer 20

measles - air droplets
TMV - direct contact or by some vectors
HIV/AIDs - sexual contact and unscreened blood transfusions

Question 21

what are the symptoms and treatments of the viral diseases

Answer 21

measles - fever, red rash - there is no treatemnet but spread can be reduced by vaccinations
TMV - mosaic discolouration on the leaves - no treatment but the spread can be reduced by having good field hygeine and grow TMV resistant crops
HIV/AIDs - flue like symptoms - can be slowed done by taking anti retroviral drugs and spread can be reduced by using condoms

Question 22

what are some fungi and protist diseases and how are they spread

Answer 22

rose black spots - spread by water or wind
malaria - spread by vectors

Question 23

what are the symptoms of the fungal and protist diease and how can they be treated

Answer 23

rose black spots - purple or black spots on the leaves - can be treated by fungicide and removing/destroying the leaves
malaria - chills, high fever, sweating, headaches - can be treated by some drugs. spread can be reduced by using mosquito nets when sleeping and stopping vectors breeding by using insecticide or having the malaria vaccine

Question 24

what are 2 types of white blood cells that fight off pathogens and how do they work

Answer 24

phagocytes - engulfs the bacteria and uses hormones to break them down
lymphocyte - creates antibodies and antitoxins

Question 25

what are some chemical defences our body has to protect us from pathogens (1st line of defence)

Answer 25

HCL acid in our stomach, tears and saliva have antibacterial enzymes

Question 26

what are some physical defences of our body against our pathogen (1st line of defence)

Answer 26

skin - prevents entry of pathogens into our body
mucus and earwax - traps dirt and pathogens from entering our body

Question 27

how do vaccines work

Answer 27

Pathogens in the body are recognised by the immune system because of foreign ANTIGENS on their surface. White blood cells learn to make specific antibodies for this pathogen. Pathogens destroyed (antibody – antigen interactions).
Next infection from same pathogen is defeated quickly because the body remembers which antibodies are needed.