B4.048 Prework 2: Intro to Echocardiography Flashcards
sound
a mechanical vibration in a physical medium
ultrasound
sound with frequency higher than the audible range ( >20,000 Hz)
echocardiography
use of ultrasound for cardiac diagnosis
what are the standard transducer positions for 2D echocardiography?
left parasternal
apical
subcostal
suprasternal notch
what is Doppler echocardiography?
frequency of a sound wave shifts when it strikes a moving object
frequency shift is used to determine the presence velocity, character, and timing of blood flow
what info can be obtained from a spectral Doppler?
velocity profiles displayed timing is with respect to EKG velocity direction -above baseline = toward transducer -below baseline = away from transducer
what is color flow mapping?
dynamic 2D imagine and color map displayed simultaneously
colors assigned based on velocity and direction of blood flow
BART - blue away red toward
what is seen on color flow mapping in the case of a septal defect or valve regurg?
mosaic of color due to turbulent blood flow in multiple directions
what is present on Doppler in aortic valve stenosis?
enlarged spectral Doppler waves
how is an atrial septal defect best visualized?
transesophageal echo
how is a VSD best visualized
parasternal long axis view
what is present on Doppler in VSD?
high velocity flow during systole
what is present on Doppler in PDA?
continuous flow
both systole and diastole see flow through a PDA
what operation used to be used in transposition of the great arteries?
atrial switch operation
SVC and IVC diverted into LA
pulm veins diverted into RA
what is the ultimate result of an atrial switch operation
RV becomes dilated and hypertrophied; was never designed to act as the systemic ventricle
eventual failure
this is why arterial switch is now used
