B4.034 Prework Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what parts of the respiration system arise from the endoderm?

A

epithelium of the trachea, primary bronchi, bronchial tree, bronchioles and alveoli

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2
Q

what parts of the respiration system arise from the splanchnic mesoderm?

A

other strata of the trachea, primary bronchi, bronchial tree, bronchioles and alveoli
also blood and lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

what determines how lung epithelium differentiates?

A

source of the mesenchyme it is exposed to

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4
Q

pericardioperitoneal canals

A

openings into which lung buds grow

become pleural space

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5
Q

pleuropericardial fold

A

separates pleural cavity from pericardium

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6
Q

pleuroperitoneal folds

A

separate pleural space from peritoneum

become a part of the diaphragm

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7
Q

major components of the diaphragm

A

pleuroperitoneal membrane
septum transversum
body wall (mesoderm)

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8
Q

what is a diaphragmatic hernia?

A

congenital absence of large area of diaphragm through which the guts move into the pleural cavity

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9
Q

what are FGF and TGFB

A

growth factors
fibroblast growth factor
transforming growth factor
mesenchymal signals

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10
Q

what is Shh

A

sonic hedgehog

morphogen involved in epithelial signaling

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11
Q

major players in lunch branching morphogenesis

A

FGF10
Shh
BMP4

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12
Q

what is the importance of FGF10

A

best candidate “branching signal” in the mesenchyme
expressed in patches in the mesenchyme adjacent to a future branch point and stimulates chemotaxis and proliferation in the epithelium

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13
Q

describe the process of branching

A

FGF10 (mesenchymal) interacts with FGF-R (epithelial) and induces bud formation and extension
FGF induces BMP4 and Sprouty in branch tip
BMP4 inhibits epithelial cell division limiting branch extension
Shh inhibits FGF in mesenchyme around branch tip, splitting the FGF expression and promoting next round of branching
Sprouty restricts branching to the tip, TGFB stimulates ECM deposition and inhibits cell proliferation

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