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GCSE Biology - FINAL > B4 - Organising animals/plants > Flashcards

B4 - Organising animals/plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the blood?

A

a liquid tissue consisting of mainly plasma (a transportation medium) in which red + white blood cells and platelets are suspended

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2
Q

What does the plasma carry?

A

-CO2 to lungs
-urea (from liver) to kidneys
-water
-small soluble products of digestion (glucose/amino acids) to individual cells

Always specify the products of digestion

It does not carry oxygen to cells

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3
Q

What are 4 functions of the blood?

A

-transporting O2 + nutrients to individual cells
-carrying away waste products to excretory organs
-carrying WBC + antitoxins/antibodies to destroy pathogens
-forming blood clots at wounds to prevent excess blood loss + prevent infections

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4
Q

Give 3 adaptations of the red blood cell:

A

-haemoglobin for oxygen to bind to, to be transported to cells for resp.
-biconcave disk (high SA:V)
-no nucleus to carry more oxygen

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5
Q

Explain why having more red blood cells per unit volume is an advantage to athletes:

A

-more haemoglobin
-more oxygen can be transported to muscle cells
-increases rate of respiration in muscle cells
-more energy released for muscular contraction to bring about movement

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6
Q

What is cardiac output and its formula?

A

-volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle per minute
-HRxSV

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7
Q

What is the heart?

A

an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system

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8
Q

Name the parts of the heart in the order that the blood flows:

A

-vena cava
-right atrium
-right ventricle
-pulmonary artery (>lungs)

-pulmonary vein
-left atrium
-left ventricle
-aorta

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9
Q

Why might having only one ventricle make the circulatory system less efficient?

A

-oxygenated blood would mix with the deoxy. blood
-so less oxygen reaches body cells

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10
Q

What controls heart rate?

A

group of cells called the pacemaker in the wall of the right atrium

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11
Q

Describe the features of an artery and what it does:

A

-carries blood away from heart and usually oxygenated (apart from pulmonary)

-thick elastic walls to withstand high blood pressures
-strong muscular tissues to pump the blood

ARTERIES DONT HAVE VALVES

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12
Q

Describe the features of a vein and what it does:

A

-carries blood towards heart and usually deoxygenated (apart from pulmonary)

-thinner walls as it is lower pressure but has largest lumen
-valves that prevent backflow (blood squeezed back by skeletal muscles)

AND ARTERIES DONT HAVE VALVES

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the capillaries?

A

exchanges substances with cells (gives nutrients/oxygen for resp. and takes away waste products)

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14
Q

How are the capillaries adapted to their function?

A

-very small lumen but lots of them to increase SA
-always close to cells with one cell thick PPM for shortest diffusion distance

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15
Q

What is meant by a double circulatory system?

A

-goes through heart twice with 2 systems for every 1 circuit around the body

-one system takes blood from heart to lungs and back to be oxygenated and allowing CO2 to be excreted
-other system pumps fully oxygenated blood from heart to the rest of the body

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16
Q

Why is a double circulation system an advantageous feature?

A

-fully oxygenated blood and glucose can be pumped to the body very quickly (by the LV) to supply aero. resp.
-waste products are removed faster

-good for active animals

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17
Q

Describe coronary heart disease:

A

-fatty deposits build up in the vessel walls of the coronary arteries, making their lumens thinner

-this reduces blood flow to the heart muscle tissue
-less O2 and glucose are transported to the heart muscle cells so they perform less aero. resp. and more anaerobically

-produces lactic acid, which poisons the heart muscle cells resulting in a heart attack

18
Q

Name 5 heart treatments:

A

-artificial pacemaker
-stents
-statins
-heart transplant
-heart valve transplant
(ASSHH)

19
Q

Describe stents and their pros/cons:

A

-wire cage mesh that holds arteries open

-effective quickly and can be used anywhere, long-lasting

-risk of blood clots/infection

Inserted with a method called balloon angioplasty, where a catheter with a balloon on it holds the cage, inflating it so it holds the artery open

20
Q

Describe what statins do and their pros/cons:

A

reduces production of “bad” cholesterol in liver (LDL)

-lowers risk of a fatty deposit build-up

-side effects + must be taken regularly

21
Q

How does an artificial pacemaker help? Describe its pros/cons:

A

electrical device used to correct irregularities when natural pacemaker has irregular rhythm

-stabilises HR and is long lasting

-batteries need replacing sometimes

22
Q

Describe what a heart transplant is and its pros/cons:

A

taking a donor heart and putting it into patient, can use artificial heart whilst waiting

-improved QoL + lifespan

-complex/expensive operation, immunosuppressants needed

23
Q

What is a heart valve transplant?

A

replacing a faulty valve with a porcine/mechanical valve

Faulty can mean it doesn’t open/close properly

24
Q

What are the features and consequences of a faulty valve?

A

-might not open/close fully (stiff/leaky)

-heart has to pump harder to deliver same amount of blood to body for respiration, causes shortness of breath and may result in heart failure

25
Q

What is breathing? Explain what happens physically when you in/exhale:

A

-ventilating the lungs with air

-diaphragm contracts and flattens, intercostal muscles contract pushing ribcage up + out, chest volume increases, lower pressure draws air in

-diaphragm relaxes and curves up, IC muscles relax and ribcage goes down, chest volume increases, higher pressure pushes air out

26
Q

Describe the process of gas exchange in the lungs:

A

-O2-rich air inhaled in alveoli, diffuses down steep CG across 1-cell thick PPM of the alveolus into the deoxygenated blood

-at the same time, CO2-rich blood meets with the less concentrated air so it diffuses down the CG and into the exhaled air

27
Q

Name 3 adaptations of the alveoli:

A

-large net SA
-rich blood supply (capillaries) to maintain steep CG
-one cell thick PPM, shorter diff. path

28
Q

Describe the anatomical path taken by air inhaled into the body:

A

-nose/mouth
-trachea
-bronchi (>lungs)
-bronchioles
-alveoli

29
Q

Name and describe the 4 leaf tissue layers from top to bottom:

Excluding the vascular bundle

A

-upper epidermis (includes WC, waterproof/transparent)

-palisade mesophyll (lots of chloroplasts for PS)
-spongey mesophyll (air spaces + large SA for gas exchange with stomata and palisade cells)

-lower epidermis (stomata/GCs, control gas exchange/water loss)

30
Q

Describe the function of the xylem and the substances it carries:

A

transports water + mineral ions from roots to stem/leaves by the transpiration stream

-water for PS and to hold itself upright
-ions for production of proteins/other molecules within cells

31
Q

Describe the function of the phloem and the general function of substances it carries:

A

-transports dissolved sugars + cell sap made in leaves to the rest of the plant by translocation

-used for respiration/growth/storage

32
Q

What is transpiration?

A

the loss of water vapour by evaporation from a leaf through the stomata

33
Q

How does water get from the soil to the stomata?

A

transpiration stream
-osmosis into root hair cell then xylem
-up through plant to leaf
-spongey mesophyll, osmosis out and evaporates in air space
-diffuses out of stomata

In an exam, always say transpiration stream, rather than just transpiration

34
Q

Summarise how the volume of water lost from the leaves is controlled:

Don’t describe how it happens

A

opening and closing of the stomata

35
Q

Explain how the stomata and guard cells work together to regulate water loss:

A

more H2O - GC goes turgid and opens, to make an opening for water to be lost through

less H2O - GC goes flaccid and closes hole, so water is conserved

36
Q

What environmental factors cause the stomata to open/close?

A

-open at day, closed at night (light in day, needs CO2 for PS)

-if CO2 conc. inside drops, they open to allow more in for PS

-wilting plants close stomata to lose less water

37
Q

What factors affect the rate of transpiration and why?

A

-temperature (higher temp., water vapour evaporates quicker from cells)
-light intensity (more light, increases PS so stomata open more and let more water out whilst also letting CO2 in)

-humidity (more humid, less transp.)
-wind (more wind, CG more ventilated so water diffuses out quicker)

38
Q

How do you measure the rate of transpiration?

A

-mass of plant lost due to transpiration
-volume of water absorbed by roots (using potometer, where bubble moves along scale)

39
Q

What do the root, stem, and leaves make up in a plant?

A

the transportation organ system

40
Q

How does oxygen get transported from the blood to the mitochondria?

A

diffusion down CG from blood across the cell membrane to mitochondria

41
Q

Why is it an advantage for a leaf to have less stomata on the top of the leaf?

A

-less water lost from direct sunlight
-plant doesn’t wilt

42
Q

What would happen if you left a plant with a potometer in a high temperature environment for a longer time?

A

-increased rate of transpiration
-leaves lose too much water from stomata and wilt (cells are plasmolysed)
-GCs also become plasmolysed, and so the stomata close to prevent excess water evaporation
-potometer bubble stops moving

It would stop moving if there was no more water to absorb

GCSE Biology - FINAL (18 decks)

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