B4 Organising Animals And Plants Flashcards
What are the main components in blood
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Function of red blood cell
Carries oxygen and delivers it throughout our body
Function of white blood cell
Help the body fight infection and other diseases
Function of plasma
Takes nutrients, hormones and proteins to the parts of the body that need it
Function of platelets
To prevent and stop bleeding
What are the three main types of blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Arteries
Carries blood pumped away from the heart
Veins
Returns blood to the heart
Capillaries
Tiny vessels that connect arteries and veins
Function of heart
Pumps blood and oxygen around the body
Delivers waste products back to the lungs to be removed
Main structures of human heart
4 chambers
Left atrium and right atrium (top)
Left and right ventricles (bottom)
Examples of problems that can develop in blood vessels in the human heart
Angina
Heart attacks
Heart failure
Process of blood clotting
Constriction of the blood vessel
Formation of temporary platelet plug
Activation of coagulation cascade
Formatiom of final clot
How red blood cells adapted to their function
They are small and flexible so they can fit through narrow vessels
Function of left and right ventricle
Right ventricle - pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Left ventricle - recieves oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
Function of left and right atrium
Right atrium - recieves oxygen-poor blood from the body
Left atrium - recieves blood full of oxygen from the lungs
Stent
Tube constructed of a metallic alloy or a polymer
Statin
Drugs that can lower your cholesterol
Advantages of stents
Help blood flow
Stops heart attacks
Improve symptoms such as shotness of breath
Disadvantages of stents
Bleeding
Blood clot inside stent
Stroke
Advantages of statin
Reduce a person’s chance of having a heart attack or stroke
Disadvantages of statin
Dizziness
Feeling sick
Feeling physically tired
Importance of a double circulatory system
Ensures body always has a dedicated supply of oxygen
Improves body efficiency
How white blood cells are adapted to their function
Can change shape to squeeze out of blood vessels
Pacemaker
Group of cells that maintain a heartbeat
What happens in alveoli
Gas exchanges
Ways in which the heart can stop functioning efficiently
High blood pressure
How alveoli are adapted
Thin walls provide gases with a short diffusion distance
Moist walls - gases dissolve jn the moisture
Process of ventilation
Movement of air through passages between the atmosphere and the lungs
Why people may have objections to heart transplants
If they are too ill or frail to cope with the surgery and aftercare
Why an irregular heartbeat is detrimental to health
Arrhythmias can damage the heart, brain or other organs
How plant organs are involved in the transport system
Xylem and phloem transports the products of photosynthesis including sugars and amino acids
Why transport in plants is important
Plants transport all the nutrients and water it needs for survival from its roots to the tips of the leaves
State the functions of different plant tissues
Dermal tissue - cover and protects the plant
Vascular tissue - transports water, minerals and sugars
Ground tissue - a site of photosynthesis
Xylem
Transports water and mineral salts from the roots up to other parts of the plant
Phloem
Transports sucrose and amino acids
Describe evidence for movement of water through xylem
Root pressure pushes water up
How a natural pacemaker maintains the heart beat
Sinus node generates a new electrical impulse which spreads out through the heart’s upper chambers
Examples of plant organ structures
Roots
Stems
Leaves
How the rate of transport through a plant can be measured
By measuring the distance travelled by an air bubble in a capillary tube over a given time
Function of stomata
Regulate gas exchange between the plant and environment and control of water loss
The factors that affect transpiration
Temperature
Humidity
Air movement
Light intensity
Transpiration
The evaporation of water vapour from the leaves
How a potometer can be used to estimate the volume of water lost by a plant
By recording the time taken for a bubble in the tube to move a set distance
Mass potometer
Measures transpiration through loss of mass
Why temperature affects the rate of transpiration
As the temperature rises, the water evaporates faster
Why humidity affects the rate of transpiration
Easier for water to evaporate into dryer air than into more saturated air
Why light intensity affects the rate of transpiration
Plants open their stomata in response to light, allowing water vapour to escape from the leaves
Why amount of air flow affects the rate of transpiration
Increased movement of the air around a plant will result in a higher transpiration rate
How the opening and closing of stomata is controlled by guard cells
The turgor pressure in the guard cells controls the opening and closing of the guard cells
How transpiration maintains the movement of water from roots to leaves
Transpiration is tranported to the leaves through the xylem
Adaptations in plants to control water loss
Thick waxy cuticles create a barrier to evaporation
How stomata control transpiration
Guard cells increase or decrease the size of the pore with changes in their turgor status
Where is the pancreas
Between stomach and large intestine
Where is the liver
Next to the stomach
Bigger than pancreas
What does pH mean
Potential of hydrogen
