B3 Organisation And Digestion Flashcards
Organelles
Smaller parts of cells
Tissue
A group of cells the same type
Organ
Group of cells working together
Organ system
Group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
Examples of cells
Blood cells
Stem cells
Sperm cells
Examples of tissues
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Examples of organs
Brain
Lungs
Heart
Name all the organs in the digestive system
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus
Function of mouth
The teeth rip, chew and grind the food into smaller pieces
Function of large intestine
Excess water is absorbed from the food
Function of small intestine
Breaks down nutrients
Absorbs nutrients
Gets rid of unnecessary components
Function of liver
Bile in the liver neutralises stomach acid and emulsify fats
Function of pancreas
Protease, lipase and amylase are released into the small intestine to help digest the food
Function of rectum
Where the faeces are stored before passed out of the anus
Which food molecules are polymers
Proteins polymers of amino acids and nucleic acid
Tissues that make up organs
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
How the small intestine is adapted to its function
Villi and microvilli that increase surface area
Why the cells of multicellular organisms are organised into tissues, organs and organ systems
To support the life processes of cells to keep the organism alive
Functions of Epithelial tissue
Protection
Absorption
Diffusion
Does potato contain
Starch, lipids, sugar, protein
Starch
Does vegetable oil contain
Starch, lipids, sugar, protein
Lipids
Do egg whites contain
Starch, lipids, sugar, protein
Sugar
Protein
Does a banana contain
Starch, lipids, sugar, protein
Sugar
Protein
Starch test
Few drops of iodine on food solution
If solution turns blue-black starch is present
Lipid test
Few drops of ethanol to food solution
If solution turns cloudy food has lipids
Sugar test
Few drops of benedict’s to food solution
If solution turns green the food contains some sugar
If orange-red the food contains lots of sugar
Protein test
Few drops of biuret to food solution
If purple contains protien
Enzymes
Proteins which act as biological catalysts
1 function of enzymes inside the body
Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction
Destroy toxins
Build muscle
What affects how well an enzyme works
Temperature and pH
How are enzymes used in digestion
To break down food molecules
What do carbohydrates, proteins and lipids break down to
Carbohydrase
Protease
Lipase
How to test for substrates and products in the model gut
Set up Visking tubing
Fill with mixture of starch and glucose
Suspend in boiling tube for period of time
How some organisms can survive in extreme conditon
Enzymes enable these organisms to function in extreme conditions
How a change in temperature or pH affects the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction
Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction
Lowering temperature slows down a reaction
How enzymes speed up reactions
Reducing the activation energy increasing the rate of reaction
Use the ‘lock and key theory’ to explain why the shape of the enzyme is vital for it to function
The substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme’s active site
Why high temperatures and changes in pH prevent enzymes from catalysing reactions
High temperatures will break these forces
How enzymes control metabolism
Enzymes lower the activation energies of chemical reactions
What does the stomach contain
Acid
Where is bile produced
Liver
Functions of bile
Aids in digestion
Absorption of fat
How acid in the stomach increases the efficiency of pepsin
A low pH (1.5 to 2) activates pepsin
How bile increases the efficiency of fat digestion
Breaks down larger fat globules in food into small droplets of fat
How the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction shows how efficient the reaction is
kcat/km ratio
