B4: Infection & Response Flashcards
What is a pathogen? (5)
A microorganism that triggers an immune response
- bacteria
- virus
- protist
- fungi
What is the difference between a communicable and non-communicable disease?
Communicable diseases, caused by pathogens, are infectious. Whereas, non- communicable diseases are not infectious.
What are the bodies defense systems?(7)
- eyelashes
- nose hairs
- cilia cells
- ear wax
- mucus productions
- skin
- white blood cells
How do lymphocytes deal with pathogens?(3)
- release antitoxins and antibodies which bind to specific toxins and neutralize them
- Antibodies attach to antigens, binds pathogen and destroys them or sticks them together and marks for phagocytes
- cause cell lysis
How do phagocytes get rid of pathogens?
- phagocytes find the pathogen by detecting the chemicals released by it or using the marker the lymphocyte left
- phagocytes then engulf the pathogen and ingests the bacteria, breaking it down
What are drugs ?
Any chemical substance the changes the body’s natural chemistry
What is the difference between painkillers and antibiotics?
Pain killers alleviate the symptoms of infection but does not actually get rid of the pathogen. However, antibiotics kill the pathogen
Why can you not use antibiotics for a virus?
Antibiotics work on killing the pathogens outside the cell whereas viruses reside inside the cell
Gonorrhea (5)
It’s is a sexually transmitted communicable disease caused by bacteria. Symptoms : yellow discharge, pain while urinating. Can be treated by antibiotics.
Measles(6):
It is a communicable disease caused by a virus. Symptoms: fever, dry cough, runny nose. Can be prevented by vaccinations.
Malaria(6):
It is a communicable disease caused by a protist. Symptoms: fever, muscle pains, sweating. Treatment: antimalarials
Coronary Heart Disease(7):
It is a non- communicable disease which is caused by too much fatty materials in your blood vessels. Symptoms: shortness of breath, pain in chest, nausea. Treatments: surgery, statins,stents
Aphids(green fly)(5):
It is caused by a vector. Symptoms: decreased growth rate, yellow leaves, wilting, death. Treatment: they are controlled by natural predators like ladybirds and insects
Diplocarpon rose(rose black spot)(5):
Symptoms: Black or purple spots on leaves , black scab- like spots.
Treatment: immediately removing infected leaves fungicides, putting manure or mulch
Tobacco mosaic virus(5):
Discoloured mosaic patterns on leaves, yellow streaks or patterns on leaves
Treatment: disinfection of all tools, removal of weeds and infected plants
Cancer is the uncontrolled division of cells, what are the two different types of tumours?(6)
Benign tumours are non cancerous, do not spread and are harmless unless they are in the wrong location.
Malignant tumours are cancerous, divide rapidly and will end in death if left un treated. They are difficult to remove as they spread rapidly.
Define Metastasis.
When the primary tumour breaks up and travels the bloodstream to form a secondary tumour
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
- Lymphocytes from mice are combined tumour cells to form hybridoma cells
- These cells are cloned and make the same antibody
What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?(4)
- treating cancers
- pregnancy tests
- detecting hormones
- bound to fluorescent dyes to identify molecules
Risk factors(3):
- lifestyle
- age
- weight
Define carcinogen:
Any substance or virus that can increase the risk factor of cancer
Antibiotic resistance(4):
When there is a large group of bacteria some are antibiotic resistant
- when antibiotics have been used all cells die except the resistant ones
- this gives the resistant bacteria space and resources to multiply rapidly
- the resistant bacteria can then pass on the resistant gene making others immune to antibiotics
What is a blind test?
When the patient does not know whether they are taking a drug or a placebo
What is a double blind test?
When neither patient nor doctor know whether the patient is taking the drug or the placebo
Magnesium deficiency:
Symptoms: yellow leaves, green veins
Explanation: magnesium is a part of the chlorophyll molecule
Potassium deficiency:
Symptoms; yellow leaves, dead spots
Explanation; potassium is needed to help the plant make proteins
Nitrate deficiency:
Symptoms;plant doesn’t grow properly
Explanation;it reacts with glucose to make protein which is used for growth
Phosphate deficiency:
Symptoms: purple leaves
Explanation: makes chemical energy
What causes symptoms?
Toxins and poisons released by the pathogen
Why are placebos used?
To find out the psychological affect of the drug
What is the next stage after double blind trials?
Testing on volunteers with the disease
How do antibodies work(3):
- The antibody shape is specific and complimentary to the antigens on the pathogen
- The antibody binds to the toxin in the cell
- This causes cell lysis
