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b4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is meant by photosynthesis?

A
  • the reaction plants use to absorb light for their source of energy.
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2
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A
  • in the leaves of a plant
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3
Q

state the word equation for photosynthesis

A
  • carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen
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4
Q

state the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2

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5
Q

what kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

A
  • endothermic, as it takes in energy.
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6
Q

is leaf a tissue, organ or organ system?

A

organ

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7
Q

is xylem a tissue, organ or organ system?

A

tissue

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8
Q

are roots, stem and leaves a tissue, organ or organ system?

A

organ system

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9
Q

state 5 uses of glucose

A
  1. respiration - takes place in the mitochondria
  2. storage - excess glucose is converted into soluble starch and stored away.
  3. proteins - amino acids combine with nitrate ions to make protein.
  4. cellulose - cell walls contain cellulose, which gives it strength.
  5. oils or fats - glucose produced in photosynthesis which is converted to fats and oils. it is also used as storage for energy.
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10
Q

by which process do we get energy from?

A
  • respiration
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11
Q

state three reasons why organisms need energy?

A
  1. movement
  2. to keep warm
  3. chemical reactions to build larger molecules
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12
Q

where does respiration take place?

A
  • in all living cells
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13
Q

what kind of reaction is respiration?

A
  • exothermic, as it releases energy
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14
Q

what does the chemical symbol C6 H12 O6 stand for?

A

glucose

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15
Q

what does the chemical symbol O2 stand for?

A

oxygen

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16
Q

what does the chemical symbol CO2 stand for?

A

carbon dioxide

17
Q

what does the chemical symbol H2O stand for?

A

water

18
Q

what is meant by aerobic respiration and how much energy is transferred?

A
  • in aerobic respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen
  • this produces carbon dioxide and water, so a lot of energy is transferred.
19
Q

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A
  • glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
20
Q

what is meant by anaerobic respiration and how much energy is transferred?

A
  • when there is a shortage of oxygen, muscles respire anaerobically.
  • it releases much less energy than aerobic respiration
21
Q

state the word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose = lactic acid + energy

22
Q

which type of respiration takes place in yeast cells? state the name and word equation.

A
  • anaerobic respiration
  • fermentation
  • glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide
23
Q

what is the economic importance of fermentation?

A
  • it is used to make alcoholic drinks, such as beer.
  • additionally, in bread, the dough rises.
24
Q

what happens to the heart rate when you exercise and respire more?

A
  • it increases to pump more oxygenated blood.
25
Q

what happens to the breathing rate when you exercise and respire more?

A
  • it increases as we breathe more frequently
26
Q

what happens to the breathing volume when you exercise and respire more?

A
  • it increases as we take deeper breaths.
27
Q

what is meant by oxygen debt?

A
  • Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to deal with the accumulated lactic acid.
  • During long periods of vigorous activity, the lactic acid causes the muscles to become fatigued,so the body has to remove the lactic acid from the muscles.
28
Q

what is metabolism?

A
  • the sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell or the body.
29
Q

give examples of metabolic reactions that take place in the body.

A
  1. large molecules made from small ones:
    - lots of small glucose molecules are joined together to form starch, glycogen and cellulose.
    - lipid molecules are made from one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids.
    - glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids, which are then made into proteins.
  2. large molecules are broken down into small ones:
    - glucose is broken down in respiration, which transfers energy to power all the reactions that make molecules.
    - excess protein is broken down in a reaction to produce urea, which is excreted in the urine.
30
Q

why is anaerobically transferring energy from glucose not the best way?

A
  • as lactic acid builds up in the muscles, which can get painful.
  • additionally, long periods of exercise cause muscle fatigue, which is when the muscles get tired and stop contracting efficiently.
31
Q

what is inverse square law?

A
  • the inverse law links intensity and distance.
  • the law is when light intensity decreases in proportion to the square of the distance.
  • light intensity = 1/d2
  • as distance doubles, light intensity goes down by a factor of 4.
32
Q

describe the four factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

the limiting factors at a particular time depends on the environmental conditions:
- at night, light is the limiting factor.
- in winter, temperature is the limiting factor
- if it is sunny (warm and bright) CO2 is the limiting factor.
- chlorophyll could also be a limiting factor as it causes chloroplasts to become damaged or not make enough chlorophyll.

33
Q

name the four factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  1. light intensity
  2. carbon dioxide concentration
  3. temperature
  4. amount of chlorophyll
34
Q

how does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • not enough light slows down the rate of photosynthesis.
  • as the light level increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases steadily.
35
Q

how does the carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • less carbon dioxide slows down the rate of photosynthesis.
  • as carbon dioxide increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases as well
36
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • as the temperature increases, the enzymes involved in photosynthesis work faster, so the rate increases.
  • if we keep increasing the temperature, the enzymes will denature and plants cannot photosynthesise.
37
Q

how does chlorophyll affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • the amount of chlorophyll in a plant can be affected by disease or environmental stress.
  • this causes chloroplasts to become damaged or to not make enough chlorophyll.

bio paper 1 (4 decks)

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