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b2 Flashcards

1
Q

order the following: organism, tissue, cell, organ system, organ

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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2
Q

state the 3 nutrients found in food

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. protein
  3. lipids
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3
Q

define digestion

A
  • when large food molecules are broken down into small molecules
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4
Q

state 6 parts of the disgestive system

A
  1. mouth
  2. oesophagus
  3. stomach
  4. small intestine
  5. liver and pancreas
  6. large intestine
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5
Q

state the function of the mouth

A
  1. the food is chewed in the mouth.
  2. enzymes in the saliva begin to digest
    starch into smaller sugar molecules.
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6
Q

state the function of the oesophagus

A
  • the food passes down the oesophagus
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7
Q

state the function of the stomach

A
  1. The churning action of the
    stomach muscles turns the
    food into a fluid increasing the surface area for enzymes to digest.
  2. The food spends several hours in the stomach.
  3. The stomach also contains hydrochloric acid which helps the enzymes to digest protein.
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8
Q

state the function of the small intestine

A

the small food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream by diffusion or active transport

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9
Q

state the function of the liver and pancreas

A

The liver releases bile which helps to speed up digestion of lipids.
The pancreas releases enzymes.

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10
Q

state the function of the large intestine

A

the fluid travels through the large intestine, where water is absorbed in the bloodstream

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11
Q

what is an enzyme?

A
  • a large protein molecule and a biological catalyst
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12
Q

what is a biological catalyst?

A
  • it speeds up the reaction without being used up
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13
Q

describe the lock and key model

A
  1. the enzyme’s active site has a specific shape.
  2. only a substrate with a complimentary shape can attach to the specific enzyme.
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14
Q

state the three digestive enzymes

A
  1. protease
  2. carbohydrase
  3. lipase
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15
Q

describe the enzyme protease

A
  1. made in the small intestine and pancreas
  2. breaks down protein into amino acids
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16
Q

describe the enzyme carbohydrase

A
  1. made in the small intestine and pancreas
  2. breaks down starch (amylase), into a chain of glucose molecules
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17
Q

describe the enzyme lipase

A
  1. made in the small intestine and pancreas
  2. breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
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18
Q

what is bile?

A
  • an alkaline which neutralises stomach acid
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19
Q

what 2 factors affect enzyme activity?

A
  1. temperature
  2. PH
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20
Q

what does bile do?

A
  1. converts large lipid droplets into smaller droplets
  2. emulsifies the lipids
  3. increases the rate of lipid breakdown
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21
Q

how is the small intestine adapted for digestion?

A
  1. villi provide a large SA
  2. capillaries are thin for shorter diffusion distance
  3. the small intestine is very long increasing time for absorption
  4. good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
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22
Q

how does temperature and PH affect enzyme activity?

A
  1. at high temperature, the enzyme molecule vibrates and the shape of the active site changes.
  2. the substrate no longer fits into the active site, so it denatures.
  3. the enzyme has an optimum PH, where the activity is maximum.
  4. the enzyme activity drops to zero if the PH is more acidic/alkaline.
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23
Q

what is a single circulatory system?

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to
    the gills where it collects oxygen and becomes
    oxygenated.
  2. The oxygenated blood now passes straight from the gills to the organs
    where the oxygen diffuses out of the blood into the body cells.
  3. The blood now returns to the heart.
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24
Q

what is the problem with a single circulatory system?

A
  • the blood loses pressure, so it travels slowly.
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25
Q

what is a double circulatory system?

A
  1. The blood enters the heart twice
  2. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated
    blood to the lungs
  3. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to
    the rest of the body
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26
Q

what is the benefit of a double circulatory system?

A
  • the blood enters the heart twice, so it delivers oxygen rapidly.
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27
Q

why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscle than the right?

A
  • to pump blood at a high pressure
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28
Q

where are coronary arteries found?

A
  • they branch from the aorta and into/out of the heart
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29
Q

what is the purpose of coronary arteries?

A
  • they provide oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart
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30
Q

what is the job of pacemaker cells?

A

it regulates the heartbeat

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31
Q

where are the pacemaker cells found in the heart?

A

right atrium

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32
Q

what is the job of an artificial pacemaker?

A
  • it corrects the irregularities of the heartbeat
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33
Q

name the 3 blood vessels

A
  1. artery
  2. vein
  3. capillary
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34
Q

state the adaptations of an artery

A
  1. Thick muscular walls allow them to withstand high pressure.
  2. Elastic fibres stretch when the surge of blood passes through and then recoils between surges
    which keeps the blood moving.
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35
Q

state the adaptations of a vein

A
  1. Many veins contain valves, which stop blood flowing backwards.
  2. Thin walls shorten the diffusion pathway
  3. Large lumen allows more blood to flow
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36
Q

state the adaptations of a capillary

A
  1. Thin walls allow diffusion to take place over a short amount of time.
  2. it is one cell thick allowing efficient gas exchange to take place.
37
Q

what pressure does an artery carry blood at?

A

high pressure

38
Q

what pressure does a vein carry blood at?

A

low pressure

39
Q

state the function of an artery

A
  • carry blood away from the
    heart to the organs
40
Q

state the function of a vein

A
  • carry blood to the
    heart
41
Q

state the function of a capillary

A
  • substances diffuse in and
    out from the blood into
    the cells
42
Q

what 4 components make up blood?

A
  1. RBC
  2. WBC
  3. Platelets
  4. Plasma
43
Q

state the function of a RBC

A
  • transports oxygen from the lungs to the body
    cells
44
Q

state the function of a WBC

A
  • protects the body from infection e.g. making
    antibodies
    (form part of the immune system)
45
Q

state the function of a plasma

A
  • transports dissolved substances around the
    body
46
Q

state the function of a platelet

A
  • tiny fragments of cells that
    help the blood to clot
47
Q

what are the pros with donated blood?

A
  1. replaces blood lost in injury
  2. proteins can be extracted from blood
48
Q

what are the cons with donated blood?

A
  1. can be difficult to find matching blood
  2. different diseases can be transmitted via blood
49
Q

what are statins?

A
  • drugs which reduce the levels of cholesterol in the blood
50
Q

what is the function of statins?

A
  • slows down the rate at which fatty materials build up in the arteries
  • reduce the risk of coronary heart disease
51
Q

state the disadvantages of using a statin

A
  • need to be taken long-term
  • unwanted side effects such as liver problems
52
Q

what are stents?

A
  • a tube that can be inserted into the coronary artery to keep it open
53
Q

state the function of stents

A
  • allows blood to flow normally through the artery
54
Q

state the disadvantages of using a stent

A
  • does not treat underlying conditions
55
Q

what is a cardiovascular disease?

A
  • a non-communicable disease of the blood and heart vessels
56
Q

what is the difference between faulty and leaky heart valves?

A
  • faulty heart valves do not fully open causing the heart to pump extra hard and eventually the heart enlarges.
  • leaky heart valves cause patients to feel weak or tired, as one of the four valves in the heart fail to close.
57
Q

state the two types of valves

A
  • mechanical valves are made of metal, whereas valves are from an animal (cow, pig etc)
58
Q

state the disadvantages of mechanical valves

A
  • increase the risk of blood clot
  • patients have to take anti clotting drugs
59
Q

state the advantages of mechanical valves

A
  • longer lasting
  • lower percentage of deaths
  • more durable
  • last a lifetime
60
Q

state the disadvantages of valves from animals

A
  • do not long last
  • may need to replace them
61
Q

state the advantages of valves from animals

A
  • do not need to take anti clotting drugs
62
Q

what is the gas exchange surface in the lungs?

A
  • the alveoli
63
Q

state the adaptations of the alveoli

A
  • lots of alveoli so large surface area; therefore faster diffusion
  • good blood supply maintains concentration gradient
  • thin walls for shorter diffusion pathway
  • moist lining so gases can diffuse easily
64
Q

what are the disadvantages with a donated heart?

A
  1. Not enough donated hearts for the number of patients.
  2. Patient needs to take drugs to stop the donated heart being rejected by the person’s immune system.
65
Q

what is the advantage of a donated heart?

A
  • the patient can be given an artificial heart as a temporary solution while waiting for a heart transplant.
66
Q

state the two types of tumours

A
  1. benign
  2. malignant
67
Q

describe the benign tumour

A
  • non-cancerous
  • found inn one area
  • does not spread to other parts of the body
68
Q

describe the malignant tumour

A
  • cancerous
  • cells break off and invade other tissues
  • travel through the bloodstream to form secondary tumours.
69
Q

state two risk factors for cancer

A
  1. genetics (breast, prostrate etc)
  2. lifestyle (smoking - lung cancer, alcohol - mouth/throat cancer)
70
Q

is leaf a tissue, organ or organ system?

71
Q

is xylem a tissue, organ or organ system?

72
Q

are roots, stem and leaves a tissue, organ or organ system?

A

organ system

73
Q

what is transpiration?

A
  • how water is lost from the bottom of the leaf, by evaporation
74
Q

state 4 factors that affect transpiration

A
  1. high temperatures - more heat means more evaporation
  2. dry conditions - not humid
  3. windy conditions - wind removes water vapour
  4. light intensity increases - more photosynthesis increases
75
Q

state the function and adaptation of a waxy cuticle

A

function - stops the leaf from drying out
adaptation - thin layer of oily material, which reduces the evaporation of water

76
Q

state the function and adaptation of an epidermis

A

function - protects the surface of the leaf
adaptation - it is transparent so lets light pass through to the photosynthetic cells below

77
Q

state the function and adaptation of a palisade mesophyll

A

function - consists of palisade cells
adaptation - lots of
chloroplasts for photosynthesis

78
Q

state the function and adaptation of a spongy mesophyll

A

function - allows co2 to diffuse from the stomata through the spongy mesophyll to the palisade cells
adaptation - lots of
chloroplasts for photosynthesis

79
Q

state the function and adaptation of a stomata

A

function - gas exchange and controls water vapour
adaptation - allows co2 to
come in and o2 to go out

80
Q

state the function and adaptation of a xylem tissue

A

function - to transport water up the plant (transpiration)
adaptation - thick walls contsining lignin, hollow

81
Q

state the function and adaptation of a phloem tissue

A

function - to transport dissolved sugars up and down the plant (translocation)
adaptation - mitochondria, sieve plates

82
Q

state the function and adaptation of a meristem tissue

A

function - contain stem cells which can differentiate into various types of plant tissue.
- found in the root tip or shoot tip

83
Q

label the heart

A

look in ‘new biology booklet or ppt’

84
Q

label the lungs

A

look in ‘new biology booklet or ppt’

85
Q

what is the test for sugars and what colour does it turn?

A
  • Benedict’s Test
  • from orange to brick-red
86
Q

what is the test for starch and what colour does it turn?

A
  • Iodine Test
  • from blue to black
87
Q

what is the test for protein and what colour does it turn?

A
  • Biuret’s Test
  • from blue to purple
88
Q

what is the test for lipids and what colour does it turn?

A
  • Sudan III Test
  • a red layer forms on top of the surface of water
89
Q

state the required practical for food tests

bio paper 1 (4 decks)

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