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b1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define eukaryotic

A

contains genetic material (DNA) in a nucleus

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2
Q

define prokaryotic

A

does not contain genetic material (DNA) in a nucleus

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3
Q

what does an animal cell contain?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm nucleus and mitochondria

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4
Q

what does a plant cell contain?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole

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5
Q

is a bacterial cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

prokaryotic

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6
Q

is a yeast cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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7
Q

what does a bacterial cell contain?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmids (rings of DNA), cell wall, slime capsule and flagella

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8
Q

what does a yeast cell contain?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and cell wall

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9
Q

what is the function of a nucleus?

A

contains genetic material and controls the cell’s activities

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10
Q

what is the function of a cytoplasm?

A

where chemical reactions take place

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11
Q

what is the function of a cell membrane?

A

controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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12
Q

what is the function of a mitochondria?

A

where lots of energy is released by respiration

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13
Q

what is the function of a ribosome?

A

where protein synthesis takes place

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14
Q

what is the function of a cell wall?

A

provides strength to the cell

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15
Q

what is the function of a chloroplast?

A

contains chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis

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16
Q

what is the function of a vacuole?

A

contains chemicals and cell sap to keep the cell turgid

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17
Q

define magnification

A

the ability to make small objects seem larger

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18
Q

name two types of microscopes

A

electron and light microscope

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19
Q

define resolution

A

the ability to distinguish two objects from each other

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20
Q

why is the electron microscope better than the light microscope?

A

it has a higher magnification and resolution

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21
Q

what is the magnification equation?

A

magnification = image size / real size

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22
Q

how do you convert mm to micrometres?

A

X 1000

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23
Q

what does the coarse focusing wheel do?

A

it brings the object into near focus

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24
Q

what does the fine focusing wheel do?

A

it brings the object in detail

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25
Q

what does the objective lens do?

A

it determines the level of magnification for the object

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26
Q

state the three structures of mitosis

A

nucleus, chromosome and gene

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27
Q

how many chromosomes in a body cell?

A

46 chromosomes

28
Q

how many chromosomes in a sex cell?

A

23 chromosomes

29
Q

what is a haploid?

A

a cell that has half the number of chromosomes

30
Q

what is a diploid?

A

a cell that has two copies of genetic material

31
Q

why is mitosis important?

A
  1. for growth and development of multicellular organisms
  2. takes places when an organism repair itself
  3. happens during asexual reproduction
32
Q

what is the first stage of mitosis?

A
  1. the cell grows
  2. it increases in the number of organelles
  3. DNA replicates
33
Q

what is the second stage of mitosis?

A
  1. the chromosomes are pulled apart to each
    end of the cell
  2. the nucleus divides
34
Q

what is the third stage of mitosis?

A

the cytoplasm and cell membrane
divide to form 2 genetically identical
cells.

35
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

an undifferentiated cell that has the ability to specialise into any type of cell

36
Q

name the three type of stem cells?

A
  1. embryonic
  2. adult
  3. plant
37
Q

state the function of each stem cell

A

embryonic - can differentiate into any cell

plant - can differentiate into any cell

adult - can only differentiate in blood cells

38
Q

where are plant stem cells located?

A

meristem

39
Q

what 2 conditions do stem cells help with?

A
  1. type 1 diabetes
  2. paralysis
40
Q

what is therapeutic cloning?

A

when an embryo is produced with the same genes as the individual

41
Q

state advantages and disadvantages of therapeutic cloning

A

+ cures medical conditions
+ it is not rejected by the body’s immune system
- potential life is killed (ethical issue)
- shortage of doners

42
Q

state advantages and disadvantages of using stem cells from plants

A

+ can treat an untreatable condition
+ allow further studies into developing new theories
- success is not guaranteed
- finding doners can be difficult

43
Q

define diffusion

A

particles moving from a high concentration to a low concentration

44
Q

how are surfaces adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A
  1. large surface area of the membrane
  2. concentration gradient
  3. temperature
45
Q

define osmosis

A

water particles moving from a high concentration to a low concentration, through a partially permeable membrane

46
Q

what is a partially permeable membrane?

A

only allows water molecules through

47
Q

define active transport

A

particles moving from a low concentration to a high concentration, using energy from respiration

48
Q

where does active transport occur?

A

mitochondria, as lots of energy is needed

49
Q

what does a specialised cell mean?

A

it has a specific adaptation to do a specific job

50
Q

state the function of a sperm cell

A

toswim to the egg and transfer genetic information - fertilise with egg cell

51
Q

state the adaptations of a sperm cell

A
  1. the head contains enzymes to help break down the egg
  2. the midpiece contains lots of mitochondria = lots of energy to swim faster
  3. the tail helps the sperm swim
52
Q

state the function of a nerve cell

A

sends electrical impulses around the body

53
Q

state the adaptations of a nerve cell

A
  1. the dendrites (branches) give a large surface area to connect with other nerve cells
  2. the long axon carries electrical impulses for long distances
  3. the synapses (the end) allow the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another.
54
Q

state the function of a muscle cell

A

to contract and do movements

55
Q

state the adaptations of a muscle cell

A
  1. protein fibres to help the muscles contract and relax (increase and decrease the length of a cell)
  2. lots of mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction
56
Q

state the function of a root hair cell

A

absorbs minerals and water ions to the soil

57
Q

state the adaptations of a root hair cell

A
  1. the root hair increases the surface area of the root
  2. does not contain chloroplasts as it is underground
58
Q

state the function of a xylem

A

(transpiration - water is lost) transport water and mineral to the plant (leaves)

59
Q

state the adaptations of a xylem

A
  1. the thick walls contain lignin to support the plant
  2. it is hollow making it easier for water and minerals to flow
60
Q

state the function of a phloem

A

(translocation - food moves to different parts of a plant) transports dissolved sugars up and down the plant

61
Q

state the adaptations of a phloem

A
  1. the sieve plates allow dissolved sugar to move
    through the cell
  2. there is lots of mitochondria to provide energy
  3. the phloem vessel cells have no nucleus and only limited by cytoplasm.
62
Q

when can animal cells differentiate?

A

when they are young

63
Q

when can plant cells differentiate?

A

throughout their life

64
Q

what is cell division restricted to in animals?

A

repair and growth

65
Q

state the microscopy practical

A
  1. Use a dropping pipette to put one drop of water onto a microscope slide.
  2. Separate one of the thin layers of the onion.
  3. Peel off a thin layer of epidermal tissue from the inner surface.
  4. Use forceps to put this thin layer on to the drop of water that you have placed on the microscope slide.
  5. Make sure that the layer of onion cells is flat on the slide.
  6. Put two drops of iodine solution onto the onion tissue.
  7. Carefully lower a coverslip onto the slide.
  8. Put the slide on the microscope stage
66
Q

how do you set up the microscopy practical?

A
  1. Turn the nosepiece to the lowest power objective lens (X4)
  2. Turn the coarse adjustment knob so that the end of the objective lens is almost touching the slide.
  3. Now slightly rotate the fine adjustment knob to bring the cells into a clear focus.
  4. Now rotate the nosepiece to use a higher power objective lens.
  5. When you have found some cells, switch to a higher power.

bio paper 1 (4 decks)

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