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Combined Science - Biology - Higher > B4 > Flashcards

B4 Flashcards

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1
Q

4 components of the blood

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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2
Q

function of red blood cells

A

Transport oxygen around the body

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3
Q

function of platelets

A

blood clotting at a wound

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4
Q

Function of plasma

A

It carries many substances dissolved in it including glucose for body cells

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5
Q

Function of white blood cells

A

defend the body against infectious organisms

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6
Q

adaptation of red blood cells

A

Shape increases the surface area to allow more oxygen to be absorbed efficiently. No nucleus, so the whole cell is full of haemoglobin.

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7
Q

What allows red blood cells to carry oxygen?

A

haemoglobin

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8
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

Hormones, antibodies, nutrients, waste substances

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9
Q

Name of process of white blood cells engulfing bacteria

A

Phagocytosis

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10
Q

product of oxygen and haemoglobin

A

oxyhaemoglobin

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11
Q

Name the 3 blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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12
Q

Function of arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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13
Q

Adaptations of arteries

A

small lumen - pressure and flow is high

thick walls - withstand high pressure

elastic tissue - allows blood vessels to stretch and recoil to smooth blood flow

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14
Q

What type of blood does arteries carry

A

oxygenated blood

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15
Q

function of veins

A

carry blood back to the heart

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16
Q

Adaptation of veins

A

Wide lumen - keeps blood flowing smoothly, at a low pressure

Valves prevent back flow of blood

Thin outer wall - muscles can squeeze vein: keeps blood moving up the body

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17
Q

What type of blood do veins carry?

A

deoxygenated blood

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18
Q

What do veins contain?

A

valves

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19
Q

function of valves

A

prevent back flow of blood

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20
Q

function of capillaries

A

to exchange of materials such as oxygen & carbon dioxide between the blood and body cells.

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21
Q

Adaptation of alveoli

A
  • millions of tiny capillaries (large surface area)
  • thin wall/one cell thick (short diffusion distance)
  • narrow lumen (increases diffusion time, decreases diffusion distance)
  • circulation maintains concentration gradient (low oxygen, high carbon dioxide)
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22
Q

What do capillaries link?

A

arteries and veins

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23
Q

What does double circulatory system mean?

A

The heart pumps blood around the body in two circuits.

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24
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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25
Q

Name of the vein where blood into the heart

A

Vena Cava

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26
Q

In which chamber does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

Right Atrium

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27
Q

Name the artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary Artery

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28
Q

Name the vein that carries oxygenated blood back to the heart

A

Pulmonary Vein

29
Q

Which chamber pumps blood around the body?

A

Left ventricle

30
Q

adaptation of the left ventricle

A

thick muscular wall

31
Q

which chamber in the heart has the highest blood pressue

A

Left ventricle

32
Q

Name the artery that carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

A

Aorta

33
Q

Advantages of an artificial heart

A

Keep people alive while they wait for a transplant, less likely to be rejected

34
Q

Disadvantages of an artificial heart

A

Surgery to fit it can lead to bleeding and infection

Blood doesn’t flow as smoothly - can cause blood clots, leading to strokes

Has to take drugs to thin blood to make sure this doesn’t happen

35
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium wall that control the resting heart rate

They produce a small electrical impulse which spreads to the surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract

Artificial pacemakers can be used to control heartbeat if the natural pacemaker cells don’t work well e.g. irregular heartbeat

36
Q

What are stents?

A

Tubes that are inserted into arteries to keep them open, making sure blood can pass through

37
Q

where are the lungs found?

A

upper part of the chest - thorax

38
Q

What protects the lungs?

A

ribcage

39
Q

function of diaphragm

A

separates the lungs from the digestive organs - abdomen

40
Q

Inhalation

A

breathing air into the lungs - the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward

41
Q

Exhalation

A

breathing air out of the lungs - the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.

42
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

alveoli in the lungs

43
Q

What are alveoli?

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs

44
Q

Adaptation of alveoli for gas exchange

A

The alveoli have are thin, this allows gasses to diffuse through them easily.

They are small and there are many of them meaning there is a large surface area through which much gas can diffuse at once. It also means there is a lot of surface in contact with the blood stream for gasses to diffuse into.

Alveoli have a moist lining for gasses to dissolve into.

45
Q

By which exchange process is oxygen transported into the blood?

A

Diffusion - oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the blood

46
Q

Name 2 vascular tissues in plants

A

Xylem and Phloem

47
Q

What is xylem made of?

A

dead cells

48
Q

What does xylem transport?

A

water and minerals ions

49
Q

What direction do xylem items move?

A

One direction - roots to leaves

50
Q

Adaptations of xylem

A

Cells join together to form long hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move easily through them

Spirals and rings of lignin in cells make them very strong and help them withstand the pressure of water moving

51
Q

What is phloem made of?

A

living cells

52
Q

What does phloem transport?

A

sugars

53
Q

Adaptation of phloem

A

Sieve tubes - specialised for transport and have no nuclei

54
Q

What direction do phloem items move?

A

Bi - directional - all over the plant

55
Q

What process are phloem vessels involved in?

A

Translocation

56
Q

What is translocation in a plant?

A

the movement of food substances from the stems to growing tissues and storage tissues.

57
Q

What are stomata?

A

small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can be diffused

58
Q

What opens and closes the stomata?

A

guard cells

59
Q

Function of waxy cuticle

A

to prevent/reduce water loss and prevent entry of microorganisms

60
Q

Function of epidermal tissue

A

Covers the whole plant and protects it

61
Q

Function of palisade mesophyll

A

The main site of photosynthesis in the leaf - contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis

62
Q

Function of spongy mesophyll

A

Contains air spaces between the cells to allow gases to diffuse through the leaf.

63
Q

Process of water loss through leaves

A

Transpiration

64
Q

Describe the process of transpiration

A
  • Water is lost through the leaf by evaporation
  • Water moves into the roots via osmosis
  • Water is drawn up and moves up the stem to replace the lost water
65
Q

Factors affecting rate of transpiration

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Humidity
  3. Light intensity
  4. Wind
66
Q

How light intensity affects transpiration

A

An increased light intensity would increase the rate of photosynthesis.

The stomata will be open to increase the rate at which carbon dioxide

enters and therefore more water will be lost from the leaves due to

evaporation; therefore increasing the rate of transpiration

67
Q

How humidity affects transpiration

A

If the air around a leaf has a low concentration of water molecules (less

humid, dry conditions). The concentration gradient between water

molecules in the leaf and the surrounding air will be quite steep.

Therefore, water molecules will evaporate from the surface off the leaf

more readily, increasing the rate of transpiration

68
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration

A

An increase in temperature will mean that molecules move more rapidly,

this would cause more water molecules to evaporate from the surface of

the leaf and an increase in transpiration. A temperature increase would

also cause the rate of photosynthesis to increase, this means the stomata

are open for gas exchange and so more water will leave the surface of the

leaf, once again increasing the rate of transpiration

69
Q

How does wind affect transpiration?

A

If a plant is in windy conditions it will mean that there will be an increase

in the rate of evaporation from the surface of the leaf as water molecules

will be taken away more easily, this will increase the rate of transpiration.

Combined Science - Biology - Higher (6 decks)

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