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GCSE Biology OCR A > B4 > Flashcards

B4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Living organisms and physical conditions combined and interacting in an area

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2
Q

What is a community

A

All the living organisms in an area

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3
Q

What is a habit

A

The place in which the organisms live

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4
Q

What is a population?

A

The total number of organisms of a species living in an area

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5
Q

What is a producer?

A

An organism that makes it’s own food by photosynthesis. All plants

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6
Q

What are consumers?

A

Organisms that cannot make their own food , therefore have to eat other organisms to gain energy.
All animals

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7
Q

What are decomposers?

A

Bacteria or fungi who gain energy by feeding on dead or decaying material. They secrete enzymes if the surface of the dead organism and absorb the smaller , digested food molecules

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8
Q

How is energy made by producers?

A

They store chlorophyll from the sun which is used in photosynthesis to create glucose. This glucose is stored as energy within the chemical energy.

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9
Q

What are the abiotic factors?

A 
Non living factors that can effect organisms 
(Physical/ chemical)
—————
Light intensity 
Temperature 
Soil pH
Moisture levels
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10
Q

What is a biotic factor? And some examples

A 
A living factor that affects another organism, or shapes the ecosystem in some way.
Eg:
🧡competition for resources
🧡amount of disease 
🧡availability of food
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11
Q

What is competition?

A

two or more organisms contesting a resource

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12
Q

What is interdependence?

A

All species depend on other species in some way

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13
Q

How does light intensity affect other organisms?

A

☀️Light is required for photosynthesis
☀️ the rate of photosynthesis will affect the rate of growth for the plant
☀️the plants can be good sources or shelter for many organisms

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14
Q

How does temperature affect other organisms?

A

Increases photosynthesis

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15
Q

How does soil pH affect other organisms ?

A

🦔affects the rate of decay
🦔and determines how fast mineral ions will return to the soil
🦔 different species of plants thrive in different pH levels

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16
Q

How does food availability affect other organisms?

A

(Biotic)

🍌more food means more organisms can be bread which increases the population for that species

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17
Q

How does new pathogens affect other organisms?

A

🦠when a new pathogen arises the population has no resistance , so they can be wiped out quickly

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18
Q

What factors do plants need to survive?

A 
🪴light
🪴water
🪴carbon dioxide
🪴minerals
🪴space
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19
Q

What do animals need to survive?

A 
🐸food
🐸water
🐸breeding partners
🐸space
🐸shelter
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20
Q

What is predation?

A

The relationship between the predator and the prey

21
Q

How do the predator and prey populations fluctuate in a predation relationship?

A

The cycle goes:
🐺if prey increases, so does predator
🐺however the new predators will over eat decreasing the prey
🐺 then the population of predators will decrease, allowing prey to increase again

22
Q

What is the difference between parasitism and mutualism?

A

In mutualism both will benefit,

Whereas in parasitism, only one will benefit whole the other suffers

23
Q

What do pyramids of biomass show?

A

The biomass of each trophies level in a food chain
Each layer shows the mass of living organism
* the bars get smaller as the trophies level goes higher (total mass decreases)

24
Q

Why does the biomass decrease as the tropic level increases?

A

Most of the biomass and energy is either lost or used as:
🐌organisms don’t eat every part
🐌bits they do eat might not be digested and come out as poop 💩
🐌 most if the nutrients that animals absorb get released through respiration for everyday functions:
As waste products such as carbon dioxide or urea

25
Q

How do you calculate the efficiency of biomass transfer ?

A

(Biomass travelled to next level ➗biomass that was available at the previous level )✖️100
A percentage

26
Q

What is a food chain?

A

A sequence of feeding relationships between organisms, showing which organisms eat and the movement of energy through tropic levels

27
Q

What type of animals are primary consumers?

A

Herbivores or omnivores

28
Q

What is biomass?

A

The tissue from living organisms

29
Q

How do you draw a pyramid of biomass?

A 
Find a suitable scale:
1cm =10kg then 10kg/cm 
Then divide the mass by the scale. 
This will give you the width for each bar
*remember producer at the bottom
30
Q

Describe the nitrate cycle:

A
  1. Plants take nitrates from the soil to make proteins
  2. Plants are eaten by animals
  3. Nitrogen put back into the soil through urine (urea) and faeces
  4. When the plant/animal dies the nitrogen is put back into the soil as ammonia
31
Q

Describe the carbon cycle

A
  1. Carbon in atmosphere from respiration and combustion
  2. carbon dioxide is absorbed by producers to make glucose in photosynthesis
  3. Animals then eat plants (fats protein) , who exhale the carbon dioxide due to respiration
  4. When either die , decompress break down the remains releasing carbon dioxide
  5. Fossil fuels burning (combustion)
32
Q

Why are atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increasing?

A

The combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation, releases carbon into the atmosphere increasing global warming

33
Q

What is water important for?

A

💧maintaining habitats
💧survival of organism
💧nutrients to flow

34
Q

What is evaporation ?💦

A

Water is turned from liquid to gas from the temperature

35
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water vapour from plants to the atmosphere

36
Q

What is condensation?

A

Water vapour condensing back into liquid water droplets, producing clouds

37
Q

What is precipitation?

A

What droplets in clouds getting heavier and falling as snow /rain /hail

38
Q

What is percolation?

A

Water trickling through gaps in soils and rocks

39
Q

What is decomposition?

A

The breakdown of dead matter into simple substances such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and mineral .
*crucial for recycling of some elements

40
Q

How do decomposers release nutrients?

A

Release enzymes to make it soluble then it is not edible for them

41
Q

What are some examples of decomposers?

A

Earthworms 🪱breaking down leaves
Woodlouse breaking down wood🪳
Maggots breaking down animal material🐛

42
Q

What are decomposers?

A

Aka- detritivores /saprophytes

Micro organisms that break down dead material and faeces and urine

43
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of decomposition?

A

Enzymes used by decomposers are denatured in high temperature, slowing down
If the temperature is low then the kinetic energy makes the rate of reaction also decreases

44
Q

How do moist environments affect the rate of decomposition?

A

Water is needed for transport to support reactions inside an micro organism (for the decomposers).
Also need water to digest their food
Without water…. They will DIE
But too much water could make the soil waterlogged.

45
Q

How does oxygen availability affect the rate of decomposition?

A

The higher oxygen , the more aerobic respiration, more energy available. Leading to faster growth and decomposition.

46
Q

How do you calculate the rate of decay of biological material?

A

Grams/day

Change in mass➗ time (day)

47
Q

Why do plants and animals require nitrates?

A

For DNA and proteins

48
Q

Why is recycling nutrients important for all living animals?

A

It provides the nutrients that living organisms need to grow and reproduce.

GCSE Biology OCR A (7 decks)

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