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GCSE Biology B3 > B3.4 Humans and their Environment > Flashcards

B3.4 Humans and their Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is more waste being produced?

A
  • Rapid growth of population

- Increased standards of living

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2
Q

How is waste polluting water?

A
  • Sewage
  • Eutrophication
  • Oil spills
  • Chemicals
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3
Q

How is waste polluting air?

A
  • Smoke
  • Gases
  • Sulfur dioxide contributes to acid rain
  • Carbon dioxide, contributing to Greenhouse effect
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4
Q

How is waste polluting land?

A
  • Toxic chemicals

- Pesticides/herbicides wash into waterways

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5
Q

How does the rising population of humans affect land?

A
  • Reduce land for other animals and plants
  • Building, more inductry for people
  • Quarrying, more resources
  • Farming, more food
  • Waste, standards of living
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6
Q

How can the formation of air pollution be reduced?

A
  • Neutralising products
  • Catalytic converters
  • Reducing number of stations
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7
Q

What effect does pesticides have on the food chain?

A
  • It accumulates in the food chain, building up to a dangerous level the further along in the food chain
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8
Q

What effect has large-scale deforestation had?

A
  • Increased the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
  • Reduced the rate of carbon dioxide removed and kept in trees
  • Reduction of biodiversity
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9
Q

Why has deforestation occurred?

A
  • Increased land for crops
  • Resources
  • Increased land for farming cattle
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10
Q

What are peat bogs?

A
  • Acidic and water logged areas of land made up from partly decomposed plants
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11
Q

Why are peat bogs being drained and destroyed?

A
  • Create land for farming
  • Peat used as fuel
  • Peat used as compost
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12
Q

What happens to peat when it decomposes?

A
  • Releases carbon dioxide previously trapped in the dead plants
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13
Q

What is a solution to peat compost?

A
  • Peat free compost
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14
Q

What are the causes of rising levels of greenhouse gases?

A
  • Burning fossil fuels
  • Deforestation
  • Rising population
  • Increased farming (cattle)
  • Draining of peat bogs
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15
Q

What are the effects of rising levels of greenhouse gases?

A
  • Climate change
  • Global warming
  • Reduction of biodiversity
  • Changing migration patterns
  • Rising sea levels
  • Change in species distribution
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16
Q

How is carbon dioxide sequestered?

A
  • In oceans(bodies of water)

- In trees ‘sink’

17
Q

What are biofuels made from?

A
  • Natural products by the process of fermentation (anaerobic respiration)
18
Q

How is methane (biogas) made?

A
  • Microbes fermenting waste materials in a generator
19
Q

How is ethanol made?

A
  • Yeast breaks down ethanol via anaerobic respiration
20
Q

What are the features of batch generators?

A
  • Small batches
  • Less convenient (manually)
  • Less expensive
21
Q

What are the features of continuous generators?

A
  • More expensive
  • Large scale
  • Efficient
22
Q

What are the advantages of methane biogas?

A
  • ‘carbon neutral’
  • Cheap
  • Readily available
  • Methane burnt, not released into atmosphere
  • Waste disposal unit
23
Q

What are the disadvantage of methane biogas?

A
  • Smell
  • Need a waste source
  • Expensive to keep efficient
  • Used immediately
  • Temperature dependant
24
Q

What are the advantages of ethanol fuel?

A
  • ‘carbon neutral’
  • Readily available
  • Alternate to fossil fuels#
  • Efficient
25
Q

What are the disadvantages of ethanol fuel?

A
  • Deforestation/unethical

- Expensive process

26
Q

What happens to biomass in food chains?

A
  • Energy lost at each stage
27
Q

How to improve the efficiency of food production?

A
  • Shorten food chain
  • Limit movement of animals
  • Control temperature
28
Q

What are the advantages of making food production more efficient?

A
  • Cheaper
  • Feeds rising population
  • Better standards of living for farmers
29
Q

What are the disadvantages of making food production more efficient?

A
  • Cruel/unethical
  • Overcrowding, more disease
  • Fossil fuels for heating
  • Increased use of antibiotics, resistant bacteria
30
Q

What is sustainability?

A
  • Having enough resources without using resources faster than they renew
31
Q

What do fish quotas and fish net sizes ensure?

A
  • Only a certain number of fish are caught

- Limits mesh size to allow younger/unwanted fish go

32
Q

Why are fish stocks decreasing?

A
  • Overfishing
33
Q

Why is it important to keep fish stocks at a level where breeding can occur?

A
  • Prevents species of fish from disappearing

- Prevents food chain from being affected

34
Q

What is a mycroprotein?

A
  • A protein from fungi used to make meat substitute
35
Q

What is the main source of mycroproteins?

A
  • A fungus called Fusarium
36
Q

How are mycroproteins made?

A
  • Fungus grown in fermenters
  • Glucose syrup used as food and fungus respire aerobically
  • Biomass harvested and purified
37
Q

What are the advantages of mycroproteins?

A
  • Developing countries, difficult to find protein sources (animals need space and food)
  • Efficient, grow quickly
  • Don’t need much space
  • Feed on waste material
38
Q

What are ‘food miles’?

A
  • How far food travels to where it is eaten

- Further it travels, more energy used

GCSE Biology B3 (4 decks)

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