B3.2 Transport

Question 1

function of arteries

Answer 1

carry pulses of high-pressure blood away from the heart to every organ of the body

Question 2

function of veins

Answer 2

carry a stream of low-pressure blood from the organs back to the heart after it has passed through a capillary bed

Question 3

in a micrograph what can be shown with a grainy appearance?

Answer 3

clotted blood-in both arteries and veins

Question 4

adaptations of arteries

Answer 4

thicker wall, narrower lumen, circular in section, inner surface corrugated, fibres visible in the wall

Question 5

adaptations of veins

Answer 5

thinner wall, wider lumen, circular/flattened, inner surface smooth, no or few fibres visible, outer coat is thin bc theres no danger of veins bursting

Question 6

why do arteries have the structure that they do?

Answer 6

because they receive blood directly from the heart and the blood is under high pressure=lined with a thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres, and so have small lumen

Question 7

why do veins have the structure that they do?

Answer 7

receive low pressure blood from capillary beds=relatively thin walls and large lumen to carry the slow-moving blood, the thin walls are also compressed by surrounding muscles

Question 8

what happens to the blood when it goes through the capillary beds?

Answer 8

blood loses a great deal of pressure and velocity

Question 9

adaptations of capillaries

Answer 9

large SA due to branching and narrow diameters, thin walls one cell thick, fenestrations in some capillaries where exchange needs to be rapid eg in kidneys at site of filtration

Question 10

what is tissue fluid?

Answer 10

the solution that bathes all cells

Question 11

what is pressure filtration?

Answer 11

release of tissue fluid at the arteriole end of a capillary bed

Question 12

what is tissue fluid formed by?

Answer 12

pressure filtration of plasma in capillaries

Question 13

what components of the blood can’t leave the capillaries?

Answer 13

RBCs and large proteins, but WBCs are highly flexible squeeze through

Question 14

what do body cells need and need to get rid of

Answer 14

Need: oxygen, glucose, mineral ions
Get rid: CO2 and urea

Question 15

adaptations of the cardiac muscle

Answer 15

highly vascular tissue, muscle is thick in the ventricles, muscle making up the wall of the left ventricle is the thickest because it pumps blood out to entire body

Question 16

adaptations of a pacemaker

Answer 16

called sinoatrial node, it’s an area of specialised cells in the right atrium which generate electrical impulse to start each heartbeat

Question 17

adaptations for atria

Answer 17

thin muscular chambers designed to receive low pressure blood from the capillaries of the lungs or body tissues by way of large veins entering the heart, atria sends blood to ventricles

Question 18

adaptations of ventricles

Answer 18

thick muscular chambers that pump blood out under pressure to lungs or body tissues

Question 19

adaptations of atrioventricular valves

Answer 19

valves located between atria and ventricles that close each heart cycle to prevent backflow of blood into the atria

Question 20

adaptations of semilunar valves

Answer 20

close after the surge of blood into the pulmonary artery or aorta to prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles

Question 21

adaptations of the septum

Answer 21

a wall of muscular and fibrous tissue that separates the right side of the heart from the left side

Question 22

adaptations of coronary vessels

Answer 22

blood vessels that provide oxygenated blood to the heart muslce

Question 23

explain the single circulatory system of a fish

Answer 23

only 1 ventricle which pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills; blood is pumped at high pressure through gills; surrounding water provides support and prevents capillaries bursting; after flowing through gills blood is oxygenated so has enough pressure to flow directly to another organ; blood becomes deoxygenated and pressure falls; returns to heart to be pumped to gills

Question 24

what does systole mean?

Answer 24

contraction

Question 25

what does diastole mean?

Answer 25

relaxing

Question 26

describe the cardiac cycle

Question 27

causes of CHD

Answer 27

smoking(nicotine and CO put a strain on heart by making it work faster, +increase risk of blood clots); high bp(puts strain on heart); high cholesterol(fat made by liver from saturated fat in diet but too much leads to CHD); high lipoprotein(combo of fat and protein made by liver-inherited from parents); lack of exercise(fatty deposits build up in arteries); diabetes(double risk of CHD bc it causes lining of blood vessels to thicken which restricts blood flow);thrombosis(blood clot in vein or artery)

Question 28

what is xylem?

Answer 28

the tissue in plants that provides support and transports water(transpiration), supported by lignin rings, made of dead cells

Question 29

root pressure transport

Question 30

what are phloem?

Question 31

what is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 31

the pressure within a liquid

Question 32

what are lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 32

thin walled with gaps between cells

Question 33

what are lymph vessels?

Answer 33

have one-way valves and rely on skeletal muscle contraction

Question 34

what are lymph nodes?

Answer 34

filter bacteria, viruses and sometimes cancer cells out of the tissue fluid