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Biology > A1.1 Water > Flashcards

A1.1 Water Flashcards

1
Q

define cohesion

A

molecules of the same type(water) are attracted to each other

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2
Q

define surface tension

A

due to cohesion between water molecules and those immediately next to and below them. Must be broken so an object can enter the water from above

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3
Q

define adhesion

A

attraction between 2 different types of molecule(water and another polar molecule) due to hydrogen bonding

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4
Q

define capillary action

A

movement of a liquid(water) upwards against gravity within a narrow tube. Due to adhesion between water molecules and the inner wall of the tube, and cohesion pulling more water molecules up with them

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5
Q

explain how hydrogen bonds form in water(4)

A

1) water molecules are polar
2) because of the unequal sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen(oxygen is more electronegative)
3) attraction between positive and negative
4) hydrogen bond formed between hydrogen and oxygen of different water molecules

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6
Q

define hydrophilic

A

‘water-loving’ molecules that are attracted to or can dissolve in water

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7
Q

define hydrophobic

A

‘water-fearing’, non-polar molecules that aren’t attracted to or can’t dissolve in water

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8
Q

give 1 way hydrophobic substances are important

A

the waxy cuticle of plant leaves is hydrophobic to prevent the leaf losing too much water by evaporation

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9
Q

define viscosity

A

a fluid’s resistance to flow, or resistance to an object moving through it

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10
Q

define thermal conductivity

A

the ability of a substance to transfer heat

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11
Q

define SHC

A

the energy in Joules required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree celsius

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12
Q

define buoyancy

A

ability of solids to float in fluids if their density is lower

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13
Q

what is a medium?

A

something in which processes can occur

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14
Q

what did the first living cells originate in?

A

aqueous solutions ‘primeval soup’

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15
Q

what are the 8 life processes?

A

metabolism, nutrition, growth, reproduction, movement, response to stimuli, excretion, homeostasis

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16
Q

what is intramolecular in terms of hydrogen bonds?

A

the 2 bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule

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17
Q

seal’s buoyancy properties in water

A

density is close to seawater’s so it can float easily

18
Q

loon’s buoyancy properties in water

A

loon’s density is much higher than air’s so it beats its wings to stay airborne

19
Q

seal’s/loon’s viscosity properties in water

A

seal has to overcome much more resistance when it swims through water than the loon when it flies in air bc water has high viscosity due to hydrogen bonding

20
Q

loon/seal’s SHC in water

A

it takes more heat to raise the temp of water by a degree than air because water is more dense, so water heats up and cools down more slowly than air. so water habitats are more thermally stable

21
Q

how did water arrive on earth?

A

at first, water would have boiled and been lost so the water that is now on earth must have arrived later when the earth had cooled down so it could remain liquid and be retained

22
Q

what is the main hypothesis about how water came?

A

it was brought when asteroids with ice collided with the early earth, water melted adding to the volume of liquid water in oceans

23
Q

which 2 factors allow retention of water in a liquid state on earth?

A

strong gravitational pull bc of earth’s size; intensity of sunlight due to distance from the sun keeps earth below 100 degrees and mostly above 0

24
Q

what is the Goldilocks zone?

A

the range of distances from a star that keep temps between 0 degrees and 100 degrees; position of earth in relation to the sun

25
Q

what is latent heat of vaporization?

A

the energy needed to make water evaporate-takes high energy input for water to evaporate bc it involves breaking hydrogen bonds

26
Q

why is water a good evaporative coolant?

A

it has a high latent heat of vaporisation so it takes a lot of energy to convert it to a gas, ideal for dispersing thermal energy in evaporation(sweating)

27
Q

what happens when water evaporates from a surface?

A

it takes the heat energy with it leaving the surface cooler and this property allows organisms to undertake evaporative cooling via sweating as a means to regulate body temperature

28
Q

why is it good that water has a high SHC?

A

stable internal environment

29
Q

water is a universal solvent

A

so acts as a transport medium

30
Q

why is water a polar molecule?

A

due to the uneven distribution of charge within the molecule-hydrogen atoms more + than the oxygen atom causing one end of the molecule to be more positive than the other

31
Q

why does water have a high SHC?

A

bc water molecules stick together with hydrogen bonds meaning that a lot of energy is required to break, helps minimise temp fluctuations in living things so acts a buffer

32
Q

examples of water being used as a solvent

A

makes up cytoplasm in all cells where all cellular reactions occur; makes up fluid inside all organelles in cells; allows transport of substances into and out of cells

33
Q

what is an ephemeral attraction and give an example of

A

short-lived and these are hydrogen bonds

34
Q

why can steroid hormones pass directly through the plasma membrane?

A

because they’re hydrophobic and can pass through the hydrophobic layers of cell membranes

35
Q

what is heavy water?

A

contains hydrogen atoms that have a neutron-called deuterium

36
Q

what are the 3 conditions needed for a planetary body to be in the Goldilocks zone?

A

presence of liquid, enough gravity to hold that water, an atmosphere to reasonably shield the planet surface from ionizing radiation

37
Q

what is the difference between a non-polar covalent bond and polar covalent bond?

A

in a non-polar covalent bond electrons making up the bond are shared equally; in polar electrons making up the bond aren’t shared equally

38
Q

give eg of soluble molecules in the cytoplasm

A

glucose, amino acids, proteins, ions/salts(maintaining osmotic pressure in blood)

39
Q

give eg of insoluble molecules in the cytoplasm

A

lipids, steroids, cholesterol

40
Q

2 adaptations of black-throated loon for overcoming the viscosity of water

A

streamlined body shape, webbed feet

41
Q

which substance need to be transported in the blood by lipoprotein complexes?

A

cholesterol

Biology (12 decks)

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