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Biology > A1.2 Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

A1.2 Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of?

A

pentose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

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2
Q

one-ring bases in DNA

A

pyrmidines-C and T(or C and U for RNA)

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3
Q

2-ring bases in DNA

A

purines-A and G

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4
Q

what does the sugar-phosphate backbone allow for?

A

bc it is covalently bonded, it gives strength to DNA and RNA helping them to store info reliably for long periods

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5
Q

describe the structure of DNA

A

2 DNA polynucleotide strands join via hydrogen bonds between bases, there’s complimentary base pairing, 2 polynucleotide strands twist to form double helix

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6
Q

what are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA?

A

in DNA there’s deoxyribose in RNA theres ribose; DNA has thymine RNA has uracil; RNA is single stranded DNA is double stranded

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7
Q

what are the 3 roles of complementary base pairing?

A

DNA replication, transcription, translation

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8
Q

complementary base pairing in DNA replication

A

sequences of bases in DNA can be copied accurately so the genetic info of a cell can be passed onto daughter cells

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9
Q

complementary base pairing in transcription

A

RNA can be made with the same base sequence as 1 of the 2 strands of DNA. mRNA carries base sequence of a protein-coding gene to the ribosome

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10
Q

complementary base pairing in translation

A

base sequences can be used to determine the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide. mRN carries a series of 3-base codons. each tRNA has one 3-bade anticodon and carries 1 amino acid. ribosomes link codons to anticodons by complementary base pairing allowing the base sequence of every codon to be translated into a specific amino acid in a polypeptide

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11
Q

what does the universality of the genetic code suggest?

A

that all life evolved from the same original ancestor with minor differences added since then

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12
Q

what does having one purine and one pyrimidine base do?

A

means the 2 base pairs are of equal width and need the same distance between the 2 sugar-phosphate backbones in the double helix meaning DNA structure is stable

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13
Q

what is a nucleosome used for?

A

allows DNA to supercoil

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14
Q

describe the structure of a nucleosome

A

each nucleosome has a core of 8 histone proteins with a DNA wound round twice and one more histone securing the structure. some linker DNA between adjacent nucleosomes

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15
Q

what was the hershey-chase experiment trying to investigate?

A

whether genes were made of DNA or protein

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16
Q

explain reasons behind why they used T2

A

viruses like T2 consist only of DNA and protein so their genes must be made of one of these materials. DNA has phosphorus but not sulfur and protein has S not P

17
Q

explain the Hershey-Chase experiment and its results

A

write

18
Q

what was Chargaff’s data?

A

purines(A+G)=50% and pyrimidines(T+C)=50%

19
Q

what did Crick and Watson discover about Chargaff’s data and about Frankilin and Wilkins’s data?

A

they made semi-conservative model of DNA replication; created cardboard and metal shapes to represent components of DNA; uncovered complementary base pairing bc joined strands must have a consistent width-strands must be anti-parallel

20
Q

why did some scientists doubt that DNA carried the genetic code when it was first discovered?

A

because DNA’s chemical composition is relatively simple and thought it was proteins instead bc they are more complex

21
Q

what is RNA’s function in a cell?

A

RNA transfers genetic info from DNA to ribosomes, RNA also makes up part of the ribosomes themselves

22
Q

how do nucleotides join together to form a polynucleotide strand?

A

nucleotides join via condensation reactions between phosphate group of one and the sugar of another which forms a polynucleotide strand, with phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

23
Q

name 2 types of reaction in which water is a metabolite

A

condensation+hydrolysis, metabolite is a substance involved in a metabolic reaction

24
Q

why is DNA a stable molecule?

A

phosphodiester backbone protects the more chemically reactive nitrogen containing organic bases inside the double helix; hydrogen bond form bridges between bases

25
Q

why is replication being semi-conservative important?

A

ensures genetic continuity between generations of cells meaning genetic info is passed from one generation to the next

26
Q

what are the stages of DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase unwinds and separates DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds; DNA polymerase links nucleotide triphosphates(3 nucleotides)to the template strands using complementary base pairing; 2 identical copies wind back to form double helices

27
Q

why is DNA replication called semi-conservative?

A

new daughter molecules each consist of a parent molecule strand of DNA which is the template allowing nucleotides to bond with complementary base and a new double stranded DNA is formed

28
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate=ribose, adenine and 3 phosphate groups

29
Q

when is energy released?

A

when ATP is hydrolysed to form ADP and a phosphate molecule-process is catalysed by ATP hydrolase. the energy comes from the bonds between the phosphate molecules, bonds unstable and have low activation energy so breaking them is quick and releases a lot of energy

30
Q

what produces ATP during photosynthesis and respiration?

A

condensation of ADP and inorganic phosphate catalysed by ATP synthase

31
Q

properties of ATP

A

immediate source of energy and is more desirable to use than glucose bc ATP can be broken down in a single step to release lots for energy; isn’t stored in large quantities as it can easily be reformed from ADP; used in lots of ways eg metabolic processes, movement, active transport

32
Q

what did franklin and wilkins discover?

A

used x-ray diffraction to reveal the double helix structure of DNA

33
Q

what is transcription?

A

synthesis of mRNA from DNA

34
Q

describe the process of transcription

A

RNA polymerase unwinds the double helix and separates the strands; RNA polymerase binds free nucleotide triphosphates via complementary base pairing(uracil instead of thymine); mRNA strand separates from DNA and DNA reforms its double helix

35
Q

what is translation?

A

synthesis of protein from the mRNA strand at the ribosome

36
Q

describe the process of translation

A

mRNA strand binds to a ribosome; tRNA molecule binds to mRNA strand via hydrogen bonds using its anticodon which is complementary to a specific codon; once bound a 2nd tRNA binds to the next codon; ribosome forms a peptide bond between adjacent amino acids; first tRNA detaches and ribosome moves along mRNA to next codon; process if repeated creating a polypeptide; translation stops and polypeptide is free to detach

37
Q

why is prokaryotic DNA naked(non-protein associated)?

A

means it does not wrap around histones

38
Q

what is a proteome?

A

the entire set of proteins expressed by an organism at a certain time

Biology (12 decks)

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