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Biology > B3.1 > Flashcards

B3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are receptor cells?

A

Receptor cells:

  • Detect change in environment
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2
Q

What is an effector?

A

Effector:

  • Muscle or gland that will bring about a response
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3
Q

What happens in a nervous system reaction (simple)?

A

Reaction:

  • Receptor cell will detect stimulus (change in environment)
  • It will send signal to coordination centre
  • Signal will be sent to an effector, which will bring about a response
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4
Q

What is CNS?

A

CNS:

  • Central nervous system
  • Made up of spinal cord and brain
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5
Q

What are the steps involved in a nervous reaction?

A

Steps involved in nervous reaction:

  • Stimulus, receptor cell, sensory neurone, spinal cord, brain, spinal cord, motor neurone, effector, response
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6
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Synapse:

  • Small gap between nerve cells
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7
Q

How does a signal travel across a synapse?

A

Signal across synapse:

  • Electrical impulse will travel to end of one neurone
  • Trigger release of chemical neurotransmitter molecule
  • Neurotransmitters fuse with membrane
  • Open up and release chemical which diffuses across gap to next receptor molecules
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8
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

Reflex arc:

  • Stimulus, receptor cell, sensory neurone, spinal cord, motor neurone, effector, response
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9
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Sclera:

  • Transparent
  • Protects from damage
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10
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Cornea:

  • Bends shape, funnelling light through pupil
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11
Q

What is the pupil?

A

Pupil:

  • Hole that is adjusted by iris according to light levels
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12
Q

What are lens?

A

Lens:

  • Held by suspensory ligaments to focus on near and distant objects
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13
Q

What is the retina?

A

Retina:

  • Light falls on light receptors
  • Convert signals to electrical impulses
  • Sent to brain
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14
Q

What are receptor cells for colour called?

A

Receptor cells for colour:

  • Cones
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15
Q

What are the three colours cones respond to?

A

Cones colour:

  • Red, green and blue light
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16
Q

What are adaptations to dim light?

A

Adaptation to dim light:

  • Radial muscles (like spokes on a bike) contract
  • Circular muscles relax
  • Pupils dilate
17
Q

How does light pass through eye

A

Light:

  • Suspensory ligaments contract and ciliary muscle relax
  • Stretches lens (less refraction of light)
  • Far objects
18
Q

What are concave lens?

A

Concave lens:

  • Inward facing curves
  • For light which meets before retina
19
Q

What are convex lens?

A

Convex lens:

  • Thick lens
  • Alters light from in front of retina to retina
20
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamus:

  • Regulates temperature and water balance
21
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Pituitary gland:

  • Stores and releases hormones
22
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Medulla:

  • Controls breathing and heart rate
23
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Cerebrum:

  • Thinking part of brain (calculations)
24
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellum:

  • Coordinates muscular activity and balance
25
Q

What are CT scans?

A

CT scans:

  • Computed tomography
  • Firing x-rays at brain to map 3D image
  • Overexposure can cause damage
26
Q

What are MRI scans?

A

MRI scans:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging
  • Magnet maps blood flow to active regions of brain
27
Q

What are fMRI scans?

A

fMRI scans:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging
  • Maps blood flow in real time when patient is carrying out specific task
  • No radiation so less risk
28
Q

What are nervous system damages caused by?

A

Nervous system damage:

  • Injury
  • Disease
29
Q

What is PNS?

A

PNS:

  • Peripheral nervous system
  • All neurones that connect CNS to rest of body
30
Q

What are treatments for nervous system damage?

A

Treatments:

  • Surgery (removes tumour)
  • Radiotherapy
  • Deep brain stimulation (inserting electrode to stimulate brain functions)

Biology (9 decks)

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