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jheez > B3.1 > Flashcards

B3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the parts of an animal cell. (5)

A 
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
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2
Q

Name the parts of a plant cell (7)

A 
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
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3
Q

What is the role of a nucleus?

A
  1. It coordinates the cells activity.

2. It contains the DNA

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4
Q

What is the role of a cell membrane?

A

Controls the movements of substances inside and out

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5
Q

What is the role of a cytoplasm?

A
  1. It helps keep the cell in place

2. It contains molecules such as enzymes which are responsible for breaking down waste

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6
Q

What is the role of a ribosome?

A

It is where protein is stored

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7
Q

What is the role of Mitochondria?

A

Where respiration takes place

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8
Q

Where is the mitochondria?

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

What does the number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm depend on?

A

The activity in the cell.

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10
Q

Why do cells such as liver cells and muscle cells have a lot of mitochondria?

A

The liver carries out many functions and muscle cells needs to contract. This requires a lot of energy.

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11
Q

Where are the ribosomes?

A

They are also found in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is smaller a ribosome or mitochondria?

A

Ribosomes. They are too small to be seen with a light microscope and are the site of protein synthesis.

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13
Q

Each genes in the nucleus contain..

A
  1. A section of a chromosone made of DNA

2. A code for a particular protein

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14
Q

How would you describe DNA?

A
  1. It is made up of two strands coiled to make a double helix.
  2. Each of those coiled strands contain chemicals called bases.
  3. There are 4 of these bases.
  4. The four bases are called A, T, C and G. The cross links holding the two strands together are always between the same bases, A-T and G-C. This is called complementary base pairing.
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15
Q

How do codes leave the nucleus if DNA can’t?

A

A copy of the gene has to be made so that it can leave the nucleus and carry the code to the cytoplasm.

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16
Q

What controls which protein is made?

A

The DNA base code

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17
Q

How does the DNA base code control which protein is made?

A

The base sequence in the DNA codes for the amino acid sequence in the protein. Each amino acid is coded for by a sequence of three bases.

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18
Q

How is the code carried from the DNA to the ribosomes?

A

By a molecule called Messenger RNA

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19
Q

Most of the proteins are made into?

A

Enzymes which control the activity of the cell

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20
Q

What did Watson and Crick find out?

A

Using the data from other scientists they:

  1. Took photographs using x-rays which showed that DNA had two chains wound in a helix
  2. Found data that the bases occurred in pairs
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21
Q

When did Watson and Crick work out the structure of DNA?

When did they receive the Nobel Peace Prize?

A

They worked out the structure of DNA in 1953

They won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 because they needed proof from other scientists.

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22
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids joined together

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23
Q

Name the functions of proteins

A
  1. Structural proteins used to build cells and tissues, e.g. collagen
  2. Hormones which carry messages to control a reaction, e.g. insulin.
  3. Carrier proteins, e.g. haemoglobin (carries oxygen)
  4. Enzymes
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24
Q

What makes each type of protein molecule have a different shape and a different function?

A

The number and order of amino acids.

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25
Q

What are biological catalysts?

A

Another word for enzymes because they speed up reactions in the body

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26
Q

Which reactions do enzymes speed up?

A

respiration, photosynthesis and protein synthesis of living cells.

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27
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

The substrate molecule fits into the enzyme like a key fitting a lock

28
Q

Why can’t any enzyme work in a particular substrate?

A

Because of specificity and the substrate and the active site of the enzyme have to “lock”

29
Q

What is “the optimum”

A

This is when enzymes all work best at a particular temperature and pH. Any change away from the optimum and the reaction will slow down

30
Q

How does temperature and pH slow down the rate of reaction?

A
  1. It is less likely for more collision to take place at lower temperatures
  2. At extremely high temperatures and pH denaturing occurs
31
Q

What is the formula of calculating how temperature changes the rate of reaction

A

Q10 = Rate at higher temperature
_____________________

        Rate at lower temperature

(Q10= temperature coefficient. This is done for a 10 degrees Celsius change in temperature)

32
Q

How do mutations occur?

A

Either by radiation or chemicals

33
Q

What happens when mutations occur?

A

Production of different proteins

34
Q

How comes every cell in the body has the same genes but not all the same proteins are made?

A

Different genes are switched off in different cells. This allows different cells to perform different functions

35
Q

What do gene mutation cause?

A

They may change or prevent the production of protein normally made, this changes the order of amino acids in the protein

36
Q

What is respiration?

A

Releasing energy

37
Q

Why is respiration important?

A

Energy is released from food and this energy is trapped in a molecule called ATP. ATP can then be used for many different processes in living organisms.

38
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Producing energy using oxygen

39
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6 H12 6O2 -> 6H20

40
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

A form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen

41
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose -> lactic acid + energy

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of anaerobic respiration?

A
  1. Lactic acid that is made by anaerobic respiration causes pain in the muscles
  2. Anaerobic respiration releases much less energy per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration
43
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The incomplete breakdown of glucose resulting in the build up of lactic acid

44
Q

Why during recovery does the breathing rate and heart rate stay high?

A
  1. Rapid blood flow can carry lactic acid away to the liver

2. Extra oxygen can be supplied, enabling the liver to break down the lactic acid

45
Q

What are the two ways you can measure the rate of respiration?

A
  1. The rate at which carbon dioxide is made

2. Measuring how much oxygen is used up (the faster it is consumed, the faster the respiration rate)

46
Q

What is the respiratory qoutient?

A

The ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide evolved to that of oxygen consumed by an organism, tissue, or cell in a given time.

47
Q

What is the formula to calculate the respiratory quotient?

A

RQ = carbon dioxide produced
_________________

              oxygen used
48
Q

How do changes in temperature and pH change the rate of respiration?

A

They affect enzymes and respiration is controlled by enzymes

49
Q

What is the metabolic rate described as?

A

The sum of all reactions that are occurring in the body. Metabolic rate is high = more oxygen needed = aerobic respiration faster

50
Q

What are the advantages of the multicellular?

A

Allows an organism to become larger and more complex. It also allows different cells to take on different jobs. This is called cell differentiation

51
Q

What does every multicellular organism need?

A
  1. Communication between all cells in the body.
  2. Supply all cells with a enough nutrients
  3. Control exchange with the environment such as heat and gases
    -
52
Q

What is the first step of mitosis?

A

The DNA replicates. This is done by unzipping the double helix structure.

53
Q

What is the second step of mitosis?

A

The chromosome divides to form double armed chromosomes which line up at the centre of the cell.

54
Q

What is the third step of mitosis?

A

Cell fibres pull these double armed chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell. Membranes from around the poles.

55
Q

What is the fourth (last) step of mitosis?

A

Two genetically identical cells (daughter cells) are formed

56
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A process that produces new cells for growth and repair

57
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A type of cell division that produces gametes

58
Q

What type of cell is a gamete?

A

A haploid cell (contains only one copy of each chromosome)

59
Q

How comes the zygote is a diploid cell if both gamete cells are haploid?

A

The zygote gets one copy of a gene from one parent and another copy from the other parent. This causes genetic variation

60
Q

How is the sperm adapted to its function?

A
  1. It has many mitochondria to provide the energy for swimming to the egg
  2. It has an acrosome that releases enzymes to digest the egg membrane
61
Q

What is the first step of meiosis?

A

In the diploid cells, the single strands are copied to make x-shaped chromosomes

62
Q

What is the second step of meiosis?

A

The new chromosomes pair up

63
Q

What is the third step of meiosis?

A

One chromosome from each pair move to opposite poles of the cell

64
Q

What is the fourth step of meiosis?

A

The strands of each (4) chromosome are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell

65
Q

What is the fifth (last) step of meiosis?

A

Four new haploid cells form, genetically different from each other

66
Q

How many times in total does the cell divide?

A

2.

Fist division = one chromosome from each pair moves to opposite poles of the cell.

Second division = the copies of each chromosome come apart and move to opposite poles of the cell

jheez (5 decks)

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