B3 - Organ Systems Flashcards
Name the 7 parts of a Nerve Cell:
- Cell Body
- Cell Membrane
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Myelin Sheath (Made of Schwann Cells)
- Axon
- Nerve Endings (Dendrites)
In order, name the processes of a reflex arc:
There are 7.
- Stimuli
- Receptor Cells
- Sensory Nerve
- Coordinator / Relay Nerve (Central Nervous System (Spinal Cord + Brain))
- Motor Nerve
- Effector (muscles or glands)
- Response (muscle movement or hormone release)
Name and describe the 11 parts of an eye:
- Iris (It has radial muscles that relax or contract)
- Lens (Focuses Light to the center of the retina)
- Aqueous humor (fluid)
- Pupil (The hole at the center of the iris)
- Cornea (The transparent region of the sclera on the front of the eye.)
- Suspensory Ligament (Holds the Lens)
- Ciliary Muscle (Changes the shape of the Lens)
- Choroid (the colored part between the retina and sclera)
- Retina (Receives light)
- The sclera (Tough outer layer)
- Optic Nerve (Carries impulses)
Name the 6 parts of the brain:
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Medulla
- Spinal Cord
- Pituitary Gland
- Hypothalamus
What is Homeostasis? (2 points)
- The control of your body’s internal environment.
- Keeping it “static”
What is the process called when your blood vessels close up to prevent heat loss near your skin?
Vaso-Constriction
What is the process called when your blood vessels open up near your skin, to lose heat?
Vaso-Dilation
What is the mechanism in place to keep your body at a constant temperature?
Negative Feedback Mechanism
In order, describe how the body controls high Blood Glucose levels. (6 steps)
- Blood Sugar Levels become too high.
- Detected by Beta Cells (pancreas)
- Insulin released by it.
- Insulin makes channel proteins which allow glucose to go into the muscle and liver.
- Glucose diffuses through channels into cells. (along a concentration gradient.)
- This either uses up sugar or it is converted into glycogen.
In order. describe how the body controls low Blood Glucose levels. (6 steps.)
- Blood Sugar Levels become too low.
- Detected by Pancreas.
- Glucogen released by it.
- Absorbed by cells.
- Breaks down glycogen into glucose.
- Concentration Gradient changes B.G.L to higher.
Name and describe the six parts of a kidney.
- Renal Artery
- Renal Vein
- Cortex
- Renal Pelvis
- Medulla
- Ureter
What part of the Kidney Nephron where ultrafiltration occurs?
The Glomerulus.
Describe how salts and solutes are filtered through a kidney nephron.
- From the renal artery, blood gets ultrafiltered in the Glomerulus.
- The Bowman’s capsule absorbs water and dissolved solids.
- The blood travels around the proximal convoluted tubule where reabsorption of glucose and salts happens.
- Then the blood travels around the loop on Henle, where depending on the concentration of the solute concentration of the loop, osmosis moves water to nephron.
- Then the blood travels around the distal convoluted tubule where some salts are absorbed by the nephron.
What does a Bowman’s Capsule do?
- It absorbs water into the nephron.
2. It absorbs glucose, urea, and salt into the nephron.
What does a Proximal convoluted tubule do?
- It reabsorbs the glucose and salts back into the blood.
2. It absorbs a little amount of water into the nephron.
What does the Loop of Henle do?
It absorbs more water through osmosis. This depends on how much solute is in the nephron already (this affects the water potential.)
What does a Distal convoluted tubule do?
It absorbs some salts.
What is ADH and what does it do?
- ADH is the Anti - Diuretic - hormone.
- If the water in your blood is too low, then it makes the nephron more porous to allow water to be reabsorbed back into the blood.
Where is Adrenaline made and what does it do?
- Adrenaline is made in the Adrenal Glands on the top of the kidneys.
- Adrenaline increases blood pressure, reduces nervous sensations, engages flight and fight response…
Where is Noradrenaline made and what does it do?
- Noradrenaline is made in the Adrenal Glands on the top of the kidneys.
- Noradrenaline increases blood pressure and brain activity, engages flight and fight response. “The Stress Hormone.”
Where is Thyroxine made and what does it do?
- Thyroxine is made in the Thyroid Gland.
2. It controls metabolism, and is involved with brain health, bone health…
Where is TSH made and what does it do?
- TSH is made in the Pituitary Gland.
2. It measures how much hormone is in the blood.
Where is Insulin made and what does it do?
- Insulin is made in the pancreas.
2. It controls blood-glucose levels by regulating channel proteins which allow cells to use glucose.
Where is Glucagon made and what does it do?
- Glucagon is made in the pancreas.
2. It controls the break down of Glycogen into Glucose.
