B3 KO Page 2

Question 1

Antigen

Answer 1

proteins on the surface of pathogens

that trigger a specific immune response

Question 2

Antibody

Answer 2

Released by lymphocytes,bind to
pathogens and cause them to stick
together so phagocytes con destroy
them

Question 3

Antitoxin

Answer 3

These bind to the toxins made by
bacteria and neutralise them.They are
also highly specific.

Question 4

Phagocyte

Answer 4

White blood cell that engulfs and digests

pathogens. non-specific

Question 5

Immunity

Answer 5

When you have memory white blood
cells circulating that can produce
antibodies quickly upon re-infection

Question 6

Vaccination

Answer 6

Away of becoming immune artificially

Question 7

Specific

Answer 7

Will only bind to one type of pathogen

or toxin

Question 8

Antibiotics

Answer 8

used to cure bacterial diseases by killing

the bacteria that make us ill

Question 9

Painkillers

Answer 9

relieve pain but do not combat the

pathogen itself

Question 10

Pre-clinical testing

Answer 10

The drug is tested on isolated cells and
tissues to check it is not toxic.It is then
checked on animais.This checks again
for toxicity and also efficacy.

Question 11

Clinical testing

Answer 11

The drug is tested on healthy volunteers
inavery low dose to confirm the safety.
Then the drug is given to volunteers
suffering from the disease to determine
the exact dose needed.

Question 12

Placebo

Answer 12

A fake drug given to the control group
so you can compare the results to the
group that have the actual drug

Question 13

How can white blood cells destroy pathogens?

Answer 13

Lymphocytes produce highly specific antibodies and anti-toxins and phagocytes perform phagocytosis

Question 14

How does vaccination work

Answer 14

Dead or inactive pathogen is put into the body which triggers lymphocytes to produce antibodies. Memory lymphocytes remain which can produce antibodies quickly if re-infected.

Question 15

How does herd immunity work?

Answer 15

You vaccinating the majority of the population which prevents the spread of diseases as there are not enough hosts to carry the disease to the vulnerable people.

Question 16

Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?

Answer 16

This is because viruses invade our cells and antibiotics don’t harm human cells.

Question 17

What drugs have been extracted from plants and microorganisms?

Answer 17

Digitalis from the foxglove, aspirin from willow and penicillin from mould

Question 18

What are new drugs tested for?

Answer 18

Toxicity, efficacy and dose

Question 19

How does a double blind trial work?

Answer 19

Some of the volunteers are given the real drug and others are given a placebo but they don’t know which. The doctors running the trial also don’t know. This prevents bias.

Question 20

Why is peer review of clinical trial results important?

Answer 20

Other scientists scrutinise the results and repeat some of the trials to confirm the results. This ensures the first lot are not making the results up!