B2 Flashcards
Tissue
A group of specialized cells with a similar structure and function
Organ
A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function
Organ system
a group of organs working together which combine together to make an organism
Enzyme
A highly-specific biological catalyst made from protein
carbohydrase
An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrate into simple sugars
In terms of starch, its called amylase
Protease
An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids
Lipase
An enzyme that breaks down lipids (fats) to fatty acids and glycerol
Denatured
When an enzyme changes shape due to high temperatures or a change in PH and the substrate no longer fits
Blood
A transport substance containing 4 main components - Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets
Pacemaker
A group of cells located in the right atrium which controls natural resting heart rate
a
a
Statins
Prescription drugs that reduce blood cholesterol levels slowing down the rate of fatty material deposit
Health
The state of physical and mental well-being
Non-communicable diseases
Diseases not caused by microbes
Risk factors
Things that are linked to an increased rate of a disease. Not a definitive cause
carcinogen
Chemical that causes DNA to mutate
Cancer
The uncontrolled growth and division of cells
Benign Tumour cells
Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane, non-invasive.
Malignant tumour cells
These are cancers. They can invade neighboring tissue and can spread to different parts of the body where they can form secondary tumors.
Epidermis
Top layer of a leaf
Palisade mesophyll
Plant tissue where the majority of photosynthesis takes place
Spongy Mesophyll
Plant tissue where the majority of gas exchange takes place
Root hair cells
Specialist cells in the root that have to large surface area to absorb water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport
How does an enzyme work
The enzyme has an active site that fits the shape of the substrate then breaks it down, It is highly specific
What are the products of digestion used for
Build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Glucose is also used in respiration
Where is bile made and what does it do
It is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, it emulsifies fats and neutralizes stomach acids
What are the chemicals used for the 4 food tests and what does a positive result look like
Protein-Blue Reugent (biuret)-Purple colour
Starch-Iodine-Blue/black color
Glucose-Benedicts solution Heat-orange/red
Lipids-Ethanol-turns cloudy
What 2 organs produce all 3 digestive enzymes
Small intestine and pancreas
What is the function of the heart
It is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body
What is meant by double circulatory system
Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circulation of the body
What is the problem of coronary heart disease and how can it be resolved
Reduction in blood flow (oxygen) to the tissues of the heart can be treated with a stent to open up the artery, a heart bypass or statins
What are the pros and cons of the different types of heart valve replacement
Biological valves are not as long lasting but they do not require anti clotting meds. Mechanical valves last longer but you have to take the medication. Some people object to having an animal put in them
Transpiration
The movement of water from the roots to the leaves, eventually evaporating.
Guard cells
Controls the opening and closing of the stomata
Stomata
Tiny holes underneath a leaf that can open and close to allow water vapor out and gaseous exchange
Xylem
Controls water and mineral ions from roots around the plant
Phloem
Carries sugars from the leaves around the plant for immediate use or storage
Translocation
The movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
What is the name of the pigment present in red blood cells and what is it’s function
Haemoglobin - It binds with oxygen molecules and transports it to respiring cells
What is the function of the coronary arteries
to provide heart tissue with oxygen and glucose for respiration which releases energy to allow heart muscle contraction
State an adaption of each type of blood vessel
Artery - Elastic walls
Veins - Large lumen,valves
Capillaries - 1 cell thick for easy diffusion
What is the pathway taken by air from the atmosphere to the blood
Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, blood
How can u measure the rate of transpiration
You can use a potometer and track the air bubble along a narrow capillary tube. This shows how much water is being taken up by the plant to replace the water lost via transpiration
What factors can affect the rate of transpiration?
An increase in temperature, air movement (wind) and light intensity all increase the rate of transpiration. A decrease in humidity will also increase the rate of transpiration
How does water get from the soil into the atmosphere via a plant
It is absorbed via osmosis at the roots (root hair cells) it travels up through the xylem to the leaves and it exits via the stomata where it evaporates into the air
How is xylem adapted to its function
it contains hollow tubes strengthened by lignin
How is phloem adapted to its function
It containes elongated cells with pores in the end cell walls to allow for the movement of dissolved sugars
How are plants adapted for gas exchange
The structure of the leaf is adapted - the spongy mesophyll cells are loosely packed to allow for diffusion and stomata allow gases in and out
How do you calculate rate of reaction
Chnage in mass / Change in time
How do you test for sugar
Add Benedict’s reagent and heat for about two minutes to test for sugar.
It will turn red if sugar is present.
The colour depends on the concentration.
How do you test for proteins
Add Biuret solution to test for proteins.
It will turn mauve or purple if proteins are present.
how do you test for Starch
Add iodine solution to test for starch.
It will turn blue-black if starch is present.
How do you test for Lipids
To test for lipids, add benedicts(a fat-soluble dye).
If lipids are present, a red-stained oil layer will float on the water surface.
The presence of lipids can also be tested by adding ethanol.
The solution is added to water and shaken. If the solution turns cloudy, lipids are present.
What is the active site
Where the substrate binds to the enzyme
Where is protease found
Stomach, Pancreas and Small Intestine
Where is amylase, carbohydrase found
pancreas and salivary glands
Where is lipase found
Pancreas and small intestine
Small Intestine
Digests food and absorbs soluble food molecules
Large Intestine
absorbs water molecules from the remaining undigested food. This allows it to produce faeces.
Glands
which produce digestive enzymes.
What are the products of digestion used for
breaking down food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair
Why is it important to break down food molecules
So that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream easier
What is the name of the tissue found at the growing tips of shoots and roots?
Meristems
