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GCSE Biology# > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of specialized cells with a similar structure and function

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2
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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3
Q

Organ system

A

a group of organs working together which combine together to make an organism

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4
Q

Enzyme

A

A highly-specific biological catalyst made from protein

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5
Q

carbohydrase

A

An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrate into simple sugars

In terms of starch, its called amylase

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6
Q

Protease

A

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids

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7
Q

Lipase

A

An enzyme that breaks down lipids (fats) to fatty acids and glycerol

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8
Q

Denatured

A

When an enzyme changes shape due to high temperatures or a change in PH and the substrate no longer fits

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9
Q

Blood

A

A transport substance containing 4 main components - Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets

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10
Q

Pacemaker

A

A group of cells located in the right atrium which controls natural resting heart rate

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11
Q

a

A

a

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12
Q

Statins

A

Prescription drugs that reduce blood cholesterol levels slowing down the rate of fatty material deposit

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13
Q

Health

A

The state of physical and mental well-being

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14
Q

Non-communicable diseases

A

Diseases not caused by microbes

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15
Q

Risk factors

A

Things that are linked to an increased rate of a disease. Not a definitive cause

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16
Q

carcinogen

A

Chemical that causes DNA to mutate

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17
Q

Cancer

A

The uncontrolled growth and division of cells

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18
Q

Benign Tumour cells

A

Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane, non-invasive.

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19
Q

Malignant tumour cells

A

These are cancers. They can invade neighboring tissue and can spread to different parts of the body where they can form secondary tumors.

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20
Q

Epidermis

A

Top layer of a leaf

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21
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Plant tissue where the majority of photosynthesis takes place

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22
Q

Spongy Mesophyll

A

Plant tissue where the majority of gas exchange takes place

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23
Q

Root hair cells

A

Specialist cells in the root that have to large surface area to absorb water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport

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24
Q

How does an enzyme work

A

The enzyme has an active site that fits the shape of the substrate then breaks it down, It is highly specific

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25
Q

What are the products of digestion used for

A

Build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Glucose is also used in respiration

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26
Q

Where is bile made and what does it do

A

It is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, it emulsifies fats and neutralizes stomach acids

27
Q

What are the chemicals used for the 4 food tests and what does a positive result look like

A

Protein-Blue Reugent (biuret)-Purple colour
Starch-Iodine-Blue/black color
Glucose-Benedicts solution Heat-orange/red
Lipids-Ethanol-turns cloudy

28
Q

What 2 organs produce all 3 digestive enzymes

A

Small intestine and pancreas

29
Q

What is the function of the heart

A

It is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body

30
Q

What is meant by double circulatory system

A

Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circulation of the body

31
Q

What is the problem of coronary heart disease and how can it be resolved

A

Reduction in blood flow (oxygen) to the tissues of the heart can be treated with a stent to open up the artery, a heart bypass or statins

32
Q

What are the pros and cons of the different types of heart valve replacement

A

Biological valves are not as long lasting but they do not require anti clotting meds. Mechanical valves last longer but you have to take the medication. Some people object to having an animal put in them

33
Q

Transpiration

A

The movement of water from the roots to the leaves, eventually evaporating.

34
Q

Guard cells

A

Controls the opening and closing of the stomata

35
Q

Stomata

A

Tiny holes underneath a leaf that can open and close to allow water vapor out and gaseous exchange

36
Q

Xylem

A

Controls water and mineral ions from roots around the plant

37
Q

Phloem

A

Carries sugars from the leaves around the plant for immediate use or storage

38
Q

Translocation

A

The movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

39
Q

What is the name of the pigment present in red blood cells and what is it’s function

A

Haemoglobin - It binds with oxygen molecules and transports it to respiring cells

40
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries

A

to provide heart tissue with oxygen and glucose for respiration which releases energy to allow heart muscle contraction

41
Q

State an adaption of each type of blood vessel

A

Artery - Elastic walls
Veins - Large lumen,valves
Capillaries - 1 cell thick for easy diffusion

42
Q

What is the pathway taken by air from the atmosphere to the blood

A

Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, blood

43
Q

How can u measure the rate of transpiration

A

You can use a potometer and track the air bubble along a narrow capillary tube. This shows how much water is being taken up by the plant to replace the water lost via transpiration

44
Q

What factors can affect the rate of transpiration?

A

An increase in temperature, air movement (wind) and light intensity all increase the rate of transpiration. A decrease in humidity will also increase the rate of transpiration

45
Q

How does water get from the soil into the atmosphere via a plant

A

It is absorbed via osmosis at the roots (root hair cells) it travels up through the xylem to the leaves and it exits via the stomata where it evaporates into the air

46
Q

How is xylem adapted to its function

A

it contains hollow tubes strengthened by lignin

47
Q

How is phloem adapted to its function

A

It containes elongated cells with pores in the end cell walls to allow for the movement of dissolved sugars

48
Q

How are plants adapted for gas exchange

A

The structure of the leaf is adapted - the spongy mesophyll cells are loosely packed to allow for diffusion and stomata allow gases in and out

49
Q

How do you calculate rate of reaction

A

Chnage in mass / Change in time

50
Q

How do you test for sugar

A

Add Benedict’s reagent and heat for about two minutes to test for sugar.
It will turn red if sugar is present.
The colour depends on the concentration.

51
Q

How do you test for proteins

A

Add Biuret solution to test for proteins.

It will turn mauve or purple if proteins are present.

52
Q

how do you test for Starch

A

Add iodine solution to test for starch.

It will turn blue-black if starch is present.

53
Q

How do you test for Lipids

A

To test for lipids, add benedicts(a fat-soluble dye).
If lipids are present, a red-stained oil layer will float on the water surface.
The presence of lipids can also be tested by adding ethanol.
The solution is added to water and shaken. If the solution turns cloudy, lipids are present.

54
Q

What is the active site

A

Where the substrate binds to the enzyme

55
Q

Where is protease found

A

Stomach, Pancreas and Small Intestine

56
Q

Where is amylase, carbohydrase found

A

pancreas and salivary glands

57
Q

Where is lipase found

A

Pancreas and small intestine

58
Q

Small Intestine

A

Digests food and absorbs soluble food molecules

59
Q

Large Intestine

A

absorbs water molecules from the remaining undigested food. This allows it to produce faeces.

60
Q

Glands

A

which produce digestive enzymes.

61
Q

What are the products of digestion used for

A

breaking down food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair

62
Q

Why is it important to break down food molecules

A

So that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream easier

63
Q

What is the name of the tissue found at the growing tips of shoots and roots?

A

Meristems

GCSE Biology# (7 decks)

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