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GCSE Biology# > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Cells such as plant and animal cells that contain their genetic material in a nucleus

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2
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Cells such as bacterial cells that do not contain their genetic material in a nucleus

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the activities of the cell and contains the genetic material/DNA

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

Allows substances in and out of a cell

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where the chemical reactions take place

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

Small organelle where energy is released from respiration

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8
Q

Cell wall

A

Supports the plant cell, made of cellulose

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9
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll and absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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10
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap and enzymes and can store excess water

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11
Q

Microscopes

A

Instruments used to magnify objects too small to be seen with the naked eye

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12
Q

Resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between 2 points. The higher the resolution the more detail can be seen

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13
Q

Magnification

A

How many times larger an image is compared to the actual specimen

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14
Q

Cell differentiation

A

When a cell becomes specialized to carry out a specific function

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15
Q

Chromosomes

A

The structure found within a nucleus made of DNA. 23 pairs are found within most humans

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16
Q

Genes

A

A section of DNA that codes for a particular protein

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17
Q

Mitosis

A

A type of asexual cell division where an identical copy of a cell is made

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18
Q

Cell cycle

A

Where cells divide in a series of stages

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19
Q

Stem cell

A

An undifferentiated cell that can differentiate into a specialist cell

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20
Q

Meristem

A

A region in plant shoots or roots in which cells are undergoing mitosis.

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21
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

When an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient

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22
Q

Exchange surface

A

Generally highly folded structures found within the body where substances can move either in or out

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23
Q

Villi

A

The highly folded structures found within the small intestine that maximize the surface area for efficient digestion

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24
Q

alveoli

A

The highly folded structures found within the lungs that maximize the surface area for gaseous exchange

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25
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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26
Q

Active transport

A

Active transport is the movement of substances from a low concentration to a high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

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27
Q

Osmosis

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially-permeable membrane

28
Q

What are the main differences between Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes do not contain a nucleus whereas as eukaryotes do, Prokaryotes are also much smaller

29
Q

List the organelles that plant and animal cells have in common

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

30
Q

What additional organelles do plant cells have?

A

Cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

31
Q

Why do prokaryotic cells not contain membrane bound organelles

A

They are too large to fit in the cell

32
Q

State 2 advantages and disadvantages of the electron microscope

A

Advantages - high magnification, high resolution

Disadvantages - Expensive, specimen must be dead

33
Q

How do you calculate magnification

A

Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size

34
Q

How does cell differentiation differ in plant and animal cells

A

Most animal cells differentiate at an early stage but most plant cells can differentiate throughout their whole life

35
Q

In mature animals what is cell division generally used for

A

Repair and replacement of damaged tissues or cells

36
Q

What is a specialized cell

A

One that has differentiated to have specific features which enables it to carry out a specific function (job)

37
Q

What happens to a cell before it divides

A

The chromosomes and other organelles are copied and the chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

38
Q

Why is mitosis so important

A

It allows cells to be copied for growth, repair and replacement at damaged tissue

39
Q

Compare human and plant stem cells

A

Human stem cells can be taken from an embryo or adult bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into most types of cells, bone marrow cells are more limited. Plant stem cells are found in meristems and can form any type of plant cell.

40
Q

What factors can effect the rate of diffusion

A

Difference in concentrations (concentration gradient) temperature, surface area of the membrane

41
Q

Where does diffusion take place

A

In the lungs (oxygen in and carbon dioxide out) the kidneys (urea out) and in the small intestine (nutrients diffuse into the blood stream)

42
Q

Explain why single cell organisms can rely on diffusion but multicellular organisms cannot

A

Single-celled organisms have a larger surface area to volume ratio than multicellular organisms hence the need for multicellular organisms to have exchange surfaces and transport systems

43
Q

Explain why single cell organisms can rely on diffusion but multicellular organisms cannot

A

Single-celled organisms have a larger surface area to volume ratio than multicellular organisms hence the need for multicellular organisms to have exchange surfaces and transport systems

44
Q

What adaptations are found in most exchange surfaces

A

Large surface area, thin membrane to provide short diffusion distance, good blood supply (animals) to maintain the concentration gradient and being in ventilation (in animals)

45
Q

Compare what happens if you put a chunk of potato in very salty water and pure water

A

In the very salty water the potato will lose mass as water will leave by osmosis to enter the more concentrated solution. IN pure water the potato will gain mass as water will enter by osmosis as the solution inside the plant cells is more concentrated

46
Q

Explain where active transport takes place and compare it to diffusion

A

Active transport takes place in the roots of the plants where it allows the plant to obtain mineral ions against the concentration gradient and also in the small intestine where sugar molecules can be absorbed against the concentration gradient. It requires energy un like diffusion

47
Q

What is the Plasmid

A

Small ring of DNA often used as a vector in genetic modification

48
Q

How do you calculate number of bacteria in a certain time

A

Number of bacteria = n

2

49
Q

Micrometre into metre

A

1 micrometre is 1/1000000 of a metre

50
Q

Therapeutic Cloning

A

Embryo is produced with same genes as the patient. Stem sells can be transplanted into patient without being rejected by immune system. Once inside body, it can differentiate into cells that can fix broken cells

51
Q

Where are the plant stem cells taken from

A

Meristem tissue, these cells can differentiate into any type of plant tissue at any point in the life of the plant

52
Q

What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as an organism gets larger

A

Ratio falls sharply

53
Q

Why is having a smaller surface area to ratio volume bad for multicellular organisms

A

Their surface area is not big enough for their volume meaning cells on the surface can get oxygen but cells in the center can’t as they’re too far away

54
Q

How are fish adapted to gaseous exchange

A

.Gills increase surface area
.Filaments on gills allow oxygen from water to pass into bloodstream
.Filaments on gills have thin membrane for short diffusion path
.Filaments have efficient blood supply ensuring concentration gradient is high

55
Q

What’s the importance of maintaining the concentration gradient in diffusion

A

.The greater the difference between the concentrations (next to each other)
the faster the rate of diffusion occurs
.If the concentrations are the same there is no net diffusion

56
Q

What is the Axon

A

Part of the cell that electrical signals travel along.

Nerve cells have a long axon. This increases the distance that electrical signals can travel.

57
Q

What is the Dendrites

A

Branches of a nerve cell.
Several dendrites spread outwards from the cell body to transfer electrical messages to other neurons.
Electrical messages travel between neurons at synapses.

58
Q

What is the Myelin Sheath

A

Branches of a nerve cell.
Several dendrites spread outwards from the cell body to transfer electrical messages to other neurons.
Electrical messages travel between neurons at synapses.

59
Q

Why does a muscle cell contain lots of mitochondria

A

To generate lots of energy for motion

60
Q

Signals are transmitted across gaps between nerve cells

A

Synapses

61
Q

What are adaptations of root hair cells

A

.No Chloroplasts

.Long projections (Increase surface area that plant uses to absorb water and minerals)

62
Q

What is the equation for magnification

A

Magnification = Image size / Actual Size

63
Q

How many types of sex cells are there and what are they

A

Sperm and egg cell

64
Q

What is a stem cell

A

An undifferentiated cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and can differentiate to form other types of cells

65
Q

Why are stem cells from the embryo used in therapeutic cloning not rejected by the body

A

Embryo is produced with the same genes as patient

66
Q

What happens if you place a cell in water in terms of osmosis

A

Water moves into the cell by osmosis and the cell will become swollen (turgid)

GCSE Biology# (7 decks)

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