B3 infection and response Flashcards
4 ways pathogens can spread
direct contact, water, air, vectors
how do bacteria harm the immune system
they reproduce rapidly and produce toxins that damage body tissues
hw does a virus harm the immune system
they choose a cell host and reproduce inside of them, damaging them.
the three types of disease
bacteria, virus, fungal
name three viral diseases
measles, HIV, TMV
what do the three SS’s stand for
symptoms, spread cause, spread prevention
three SS’s for measels
fever and rash, inhalation of droplets, vaccination of young children
three SS’s for HIV
flu like attack the body’s immune system leading to aids, sexual contact, contraception
symptoms of TMV
discolourisation, which prevents photosynthesis
name two bacterial diseases
gonnoreah, salmonella
three SS’s for salmonella
vommiting and stomach cramps, unprepared food, vaccinating poultry
three SS’s for gonnoreah
thick yellow discharge from sexual organs, sexual contact, contraception/penicilin
name two fungal/protist diseases
rose black spot, malaria
three SS’s for rose black spot
black spots on leaves, water, fungicides
three SS’s for malaria
fatal fever, mosquitos vector, mosquito nets
name an alternative way of preventing the spread of malaria
stopping mosquitos from breeding
what is a human non specific defence system
a defence against the pathogen actually entering the body
name the four non specific human defence systems
skin, nose, trachea, stomach
name the defence system for when a pathogen has entered the body
the immune system
describe phagocytosis
white blood cells surround and digest the pathogen
describe antibody production
antibodies specific to a particular pathogen are produced by white blood cells.
describe antitoxin production
anti toxins are produced to kill of toxins released by bacteria
describe the process of a vaccination
“a dead or inactive form of the pathogen is injected into the body. This leads to the white
blood cells producing antibodies specific to the pathogen,whilst it is not a threat. As a
result, if the vaccinated individual was to catch the live virus, the bodies artificial
immunicolgical memory will developed through the vaccination will provide protection
against the live form of the virus”
describe the culturing microorganisms practicle
“an inoculating loop is used to transfer bacteria to an agar plate, but first it is sterilised
by bunsen burner. bacteria is then spread through zig zags. lid of petri dish is then
secured and the dish is then left upside down at 25C”
what two harmfull things do aphids do to plants
feed on sugar from the phloem and act as a pathogen spreading vector
two symptoms of plant disease
stunted growth, discoulourisation
two physical defences plants have against disease
cellulose cell wall, tough waxy cuticle
two chemical defences plants have against disease
poisons, anti bac chemicals
two mechanical defences plants have
thorns, tiny hairs
describe the process of forming monocolonal antibodies
“antigen is injected into mouse. antibody forming cells that are porduced from that are
then fused with a tumour cell. this causes aceelerated growth of the hybridomas.”
what is a monocolonal antibody
identical copies of one type of antibody
two uses of monocolonal antibodies
pregnancy tests, cancer treatments
two advantages of using monocolonal antibodies
do not harm healthy cells, specificity of them means they can treat lots of diseases
two disadvantages of using monocolonal antibodies
expensive, ethical issues of using mice.
