B3 infection and response

Question 1

4 ways pathogens can spread

Answer 1

direct contact, water, air, vectors

Question 2

how do bacteria harm the immune system

Answer 2

they reproduce rapidly and produce toxins that damage body tissues

Question 3

hw does a virus harm the immune system

Answer 3

they choose a cell host and reproduce inside of them, damaging them.

Question 4

the three types of disease

Answer 4

bacteria, virus, fungal

Question 5

name three viral diseases

Answer 5

measles, HIV, TMV

Question 6

what do the three SS’s stand for

Answer 6

symptoms, spread cause, spread prevention

Question 7

three SS’s for measels

Answer 7

fever and rash, inhalation of droplets, vaccination of young children

Question 8

three SS’s for HIV

Answer 8

flu like attack the body’s immune system leading to aids, sexual contact, contraception

Question 9

symptoms of TMV

Answer 9

discolourisation, which prevents photosynthesis

Question 10

name two bacterial diseases

Answer 10

gonnoreah, salmonella

Question 11

three SS’s for salmonella

Answer 11

vommiting and stomach cramps, unprepared food, vaccinating poultry

Question 12

three SS’s for gonnoreah

Answer 12

thick yellow discharge from sexual organs, sexual contact, contraception/penicilin

Question 13

name two fungal/protist diseases

Answer 13

rose black spot, malaria

Question 14

three SS’s for rose black spot

Answer 14

black spots on leaves, water, fungicides

Question 15

three SS’s for malaria

Answer 15

fatal fever, mosquitos vector, mosquito nets

Question 16

name an alternative way of preventing the spread of malaria

Answer 16

stopping mosquitos from breeding

Question 17

what is a human non specific defence system

Answer 17

a defence against the pathogen actually entering the body

Question 18

name the four non specific human defence systems

Answer 18

skin, nose, trachea, stomach

Question 19

name the defence system for when a pathogen has entered the body

Answer 19

the immune system

Question 20

describe phagocytosis

Answer 20

white blood cells surround and digest the pathogen

Question 21

describe antibody production

Answer 21

antibodies specific to a particular pathogen are produced by white blood cells.

Question 22

describe antitoxin production

Answer 22

anti toxins are produced to kill of toxins released by bacteria

Question 23

describe the process of a vaccination

Answer 23

“a dead or inactive form of the pathogen is injected into the body. This leads to the white
blood cells producing antibodies specific to the pathogen,whilst it is not a threat. As a
result, if the vaccinated individual was to catch the live virus, the bodies artificial
immunicolgical memory will developed through the vaccination will provide protection
against the live form of the virus”

Question 24

describe the culturing microorganisms practicle

Answer 24

“an inoculating loop is used to transfer bacteria to an agar plate, but first it is sterilised
by bunsen burner. bacteria is then spread through zig zags. lid of petri dish is then
secured and the dish is then left upside down at 25C”

Question 25

what two harmfull things do aphids do to plants

Answer 25

feed on sugar from the phloem and act as a pathogen spreading vector

Question 26

two symptoms of plant disease

Answer 26

stunted growth, discoulourisation

Question 27

two physical defences plants have against disease

Answer 27

cellulose cell wall, tough waxy cuticle

Question 28

two chemical defences plants have against disease

Answer 28

poisons, anti bac chemicals

Question 29

two mechanical defences plants have

Answer 29

thorns, tiny hairs

Question 30

describe the process of forming monocolonal antibodies

Answer 30

“antigen is injected into mouse. antibody forming cells that are porduced from that are
then fused with a tumour cell. this causes aceelerated growth of the hybridomas.”

Question 31

what is a monocolonal antibody

Answer 31

identical copies of one type of antibody

Question 32

two uses of monocolonal antibodies

Answer 32

pregnancy tests, cancer treatments

Question 33

two advantages of using monocolonal antibodies

Answer 33

do not harm healthy cells, specificity of them means they can treat lots of diseases

Question 34

two disadvantages of using monocolonal antibodies

Answer 34

expensive, ethical issues of using mice.