Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > B3-infection and response > Flashcards

B3-infection and response Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathogens

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give 4 examples of pathogens.

A

Pathogens may be viruses, bacteria, protists or fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do pathogens do and how are they spread

A

They may infect plants or animals and can be spread by direct contact, by water or by air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

significance of bacteria and viruses

A

Bacteria and viruses may reproduce rapidly inside the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do bacteria make us ill

A

Bacteria may produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do viruses make us ill

A

Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do bacteria damage

A

tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do viruses damage

A

cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what type of disease is measles

+symptoms

A

Measles is a viral disease showing symptoms of fever and a red skin rash.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

measles symptoms

A

Measles is a viral disease showing symptoms of fever and a red skin rash.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

risk of contracting measles

A

Measles is a serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise. For this reason most young children are vaccinated against measles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why are most young people vaccinated against measles

A

Measles is a serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise. For this reason most young children are vaccinated against measles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is measles spread

A

The measles virus is spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does hiv cause symptom wise

A

HIV initially causes a flu-like illness. Unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs the virus attacks the body’s immune cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens in late stage hiv

A

Late stage HIV infection, or AIDS, occurs when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what causes aids

A

Late stage HIV infection, or AIDS, occurs when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is hiv spread

A

HIV is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is tmv

A

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

tmv symptoms

A

It gives a distinctive ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is salmonella spread

A

Salmonella food poisoning is spread by bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does tmv cause in plants

A

stunted growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how is salmonella prevented in uk

A

In the UK, poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella to control the spread.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the bacteria and the toxins they secrete.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is gonorrhea

A

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

symptoms of gonorrhea

A

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what causes gonorrhea

A

It is caused by a bacterium and was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared. Gonorrhoea is spread by sexual contact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what type of pathogen is gonorrhea

A

bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how do we control spread of gonorrhea and or treat it

A

The spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as a condom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is rose black spot

A

Rose black spot is a fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what type of pathogen is rose black spot

A

fungal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

symptoms of rose black spot

A

Rose black spot is a fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early.

32
Q

what is the effect of rose black spot in plants

A

It affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced.

33
Q

how is rose black spot spread

A

It is spread in the environment by water or wind.

34
Q

how is rose black spot treated

A

Rose black spot can be treated by using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected leaves.

35
Q

what pathogen causes malaria and what specific type

A

The pathogens that cause malaria are protists. The malarial protist has a life cycle that includes the mosquito.

36
Q

malaria symptoms

A

Malaria causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal.

37
Q

how do we control the spread of malaria

A

The spread of malaria is controlled by preventing the vectors, mosquitos, from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.

38
Q

what is vaccination

A

Vaccination involves introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies.

39
Q

how do white blood cells prevent reinfection of the same pathogen

A

If the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection.

40
Q

what are antibiotics and how do they work

A

Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body.

41
Q

why are there a variety of antibiotics

A

It is important that specific bacteria should be treated by specific antibiotics.

42
Q

one advantage and disadvantage of antibiotics

A

The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial diseases. However, the emergence of strains resistant to antibiotics is of great concern.

43
Q

when arent antibiotics effective

A

Antibiotics cannot kill viral pathogens.

44
Q

what are painkillersused to treat

+not

A

Painkillers and other medicines are used to treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens.

45
Q

why is it difficult to develop drugs against viruses

A

It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging the body’s tissues.

46
Q

how were drugs traditionally extracted

A

Traditionally drugs were extracted from plants and microorganisms.

47
Q

origin of digitalis

A

The heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves.

48
Q

what is digitalis

A

a heart drug that originates from foxgloves

49
Q

where does aspirin originate from

A

The painkiller aspirin originates from willow.

50
Q

what is aspirin

A

a painkiller

51
Q

where does penicillin originate from

A

Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould.

52
Q

who discovered penicillin

A

alexander fleming

53
Q

what is penicillin

A

an antibiotic

54
Q

how are drugs extracted in modern times

A

Most new drugs are synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the starting point may still be a chemical extracted from a plant.

55
Q

what must happen to all new drugs before being used commercially

A

New medical drugs have to be tested and trialled before being used to check that they are safe and effective.

56
Q

what 3 things are drugs tested for

A

New drugs are extensively tested for toxicity, efficacy and dose.

57
Q

what happens during preclinical testing

A

Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals.

58
Q

what happens in clinical trials

A
  • Clinical trials use healthy volunteers and patients. Very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial.
  • If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug.
  • In double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo. but neither participants nor researchers are aware who is in the control group
59
Q

double blind trial

A

Both the patient and doctor do not know which drug is being administered. To avoid bias.

60
Q

placebo

A

Placebo is a fake drug.

61
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies produced from and why does it work

A
  • Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells.
  • The antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body.
62
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies produced

A
  • mouse injected with antigen
  • mouse produces antibodies for antigen
  • extract lymphocytes from mouse
  • combine lymphocytes with tumour cells as they cannot divide by mitosis
  • this produces a hybridoma cell
  • the hybridoma cell divides to create a clone of identical hybridoma cells
63
Q

how are hybridoma cells made

A

The lymphocytes are combined with a particular kind of tumour cell to make a cell called a hybridoma cell.

64
Q

what do hybridoma cells do

A

The hybridoma cell can both divide and make the antibody.

65
Q

what are hybridoma cells used for

A

Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody. A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified.

66
Q

uses of monoclonal antibodies (3-4)

A
  • for diagnosis such as in pregnancy tests.
  • In laboratories to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood
  • to detect pathogens
  • In research to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye.
67
Q

how can monoclonal antibodies treat cancer

A

for cancer the monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing. It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.

68
Q

downside to monoclonal antibodies

A

Monoclonal antibodies create more side effects than expected. They are not yet as widely used as everyone hoped when they were first developed.

69
Q

signs of plant disease (7)

(Sally said danny got more dead plants)

A

Plant diseases can be detected by:
* stunted growth
* spots on leaves
* areas of decay (rot)
* growths
* malformed stems or leaves
* discolouration
* the presence of pests.

70
Q

how can we identify plant diseases (3)

A

Identification can be made by:
* reference to a gardening manual or website
* taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen
* using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies.

71
Q

what can plant ion deficiency lead to

A

Plants can be damaged by a range of ion deficiency conditions:
* stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency
* chlorosis caused by magnesium deficiency (leaves turn pale due to lack of chlorophyll)

72
Q

what are nitrate ions needed for in plants

A

Nitrate ions needed for protein synthesis and therefore growth

73
Q

what are magnesium ions needed for in plants

A

magnesium ions needed to make chlorophyll.

74
Q

physical plant defences +info from pics

A

Physical defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms.
* Cellulose cell walls.
* Tough waxy cuticle on leaves.
* Layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off. and are replaced with new ones

75
Q

chemical plant defences +info from pics

A

Chemical plant defence responses.
* Antibacterial chemicals.
* Poisons to deter herbivores.

76
Q

mechanical plant defences +info from pics

A

Chemical plant defence responses. * Antibacterial chemicals. * Poisons to deter herbivores.

biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions