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AQA GCSE Biology > B3: Infection and Response > Flashcards

B3: Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Infectious diseases caused by pathogens.

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganisms that spread disease.

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3
Q

Give 4 types of pathogen.

A

Viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi.

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4
Q

In what 3 ways can pathogens be spread?

A

By direct contact, by water or by air.

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5
Q

How can you reduce the spread of communicable disease?

A
  • Simple hygiene measures
  • Destroying vectors
  • Isolation of infected individuals
  • Vaccination
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6
Q

Give 2 examples of viral diseases.

A

Measles and AIDS/HIV.

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7
Q

Why can’t viral diseases be treated with antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics only work on bacteria because viruses reproduce inside host cells, and antiviral drugs may kill the host cells whilst trying to kill the virus.

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8
Q

Give 2 examples of bacterial diseases.

A

Salmonella and Gonorrhoea.

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9
Q

How is Measles transmitted?

A

Through droplets in the air (coughs and sneezes) and contaminated surfaces.

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10
Q

How can Measles be prevented?

A

Vaccination.

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11
Q

How is Measles treated?

A

There is no treatment.

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Measles?

A

Fever, cough, runny nose, and a rash.

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13
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

By sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids such as blood (sharing needles).

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14
Q

How can HIV be prevented?

A

Using condoms, not sharing needles, screening blood, mothers with HIV bottle-feeding their children instead of breastfeeding.

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15
Q

How is AIDS treated?

A

The development to AIDS: antiretroviral drugs (stop the virus replicating in the body).

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV/AIDS?

A

Initially flu-like symptoms, then the virus attacks the immune system and leads to AIDS.

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17
Q

How is Salmonella transmitted?

A
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18
Q

How can Salmonella be prevented?

A
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19
Q

How is Salmonella treated?

A
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20
Q

What are the symptoms of Salmonella?

A
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21
Q

How is Gonorrhoea transmitted?

A
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22
Q

How can Gonorrhoea be prevented?

A
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23
Q

How is Gonorrhoea treated?

A
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24
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A
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25
Q

What type of disease is Athlete’s Foot?

A

Fungal.

26
Q

What type of disease is a Common Cold?

A

Viral.

27
Q

What type of disease is a Flu?

A

Viral.

28
Q

What type of disease is Malaria?

A

Protist.

29
Q

How is Malaria transmitted?

A

Through mosquitoes.

30
Q

How can the spread of Malaria be prevented?

A
  • Preventing the mosquitos from breeding.
  • Using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.
31
Q

What are the symptoms of Malaria?

A
32
Q

How is Malaria treated?

A
33
Q

How does the body first defend itself from a pathogen?

A
34
Q

How does the body stop the entry of pathogens?

A
35
Q

How do microbes make us feel ill?

A
36
Q

What are the 3 functions of white blood cells?

A
37
Q

Why are antibodies specific to one pathogen?

A
38
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A

A dead or weakened form of the virus.

39
Q

How do vaccines prevent disease?

A
40
Q

What is herd immunity?

A
41
Q

How do antibiotics treat bacterial disease?

A
42
Q

Explain the problems with antibiotic resistance.

A
43
Q

How do painkillers work?

A

They treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens.

44
Q

Who discovered Penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming.

45
Q

How did Fleming discover Penicillin?

A

From the Penicillium mould.

46
Q

Why was Fleming’s discovery significant?

A
47
Q

What should drugs be tested for before they can be prescribed?

A
48
Q

What is a placebo?

A
49
Q

What is a double-blind trial?

A
50
Q

Why are double-blind trials important?

A
51
Q

What are the main stages of drug development?

A
52
Q

Give reasons for each stage of drug development.

A
53
Q

What is a vector?

A
54
Q

How is TMV transmitted?

A

Contact between diseased plants and healthy plants, insects act as vectors.

55
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV?

A

Discolouration of the leaves, the affected part of the leaf cannot
photosynthesise resulting in the reduction of the yield.

56
Q

How is TMV prevented?

A

Good field hygiene and pest control, growing TMV-resistant strains.

57
Q

What type of pathogen causes TMV?

A

Virus.

58
Q

How is Rose Black Spot transmitted?

A

The spores of the fungus are spread in water (rain) by wind.

59
Q

What are the symptoms of Rose Black Spot?

A

Purple/black spots on leaves of rose plants, reduces the area of the leaf available for photosynthesis, so leaves turn yellow and drop early.

60
Q

How is Rose Black Spot prevented?

A

Fungicides or burning affected leaves.

61
Q

What type of pathogen causes Rose Black Spot?

A

Fungus.

AQA GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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