B1: Cell Biology Flashcards
What are the organelles of an animal cell?
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes.
What organelles do plant and algae cells have that animal cells don’t?
Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, Vacuole.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Cellular respiration to release energy.
What is the function of the cell wall?
To preserve the structure (stop cell collapsing) and to protect the cell.
What is the function of the vacuole?
Holds cell sap and stops cell from collapsing.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
To control what comes in/out of the cell.
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
Chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm.
What is differentiation?
Where stem cells become specialised.
What is a specialised cell?
A type of cell adapted to carry out a specific function.
How is a sperm cell adapted for its function?
- It has a tail so it can swim.
- It has a streamlined body so it can swim faster.
- It has many mitochondria to release the energy needed to swim.
How is a red blood cell adapted for its function?
- It has a biconcave shape for a larger surface area - so it can store more oxygen.
- It has no nucleus so there is more space to store oxygen.
What is the difference in differentiation between plants and animals?
Plant cells retain their ability to differentiate throughout their life, whereas animal cells can only differentiate once.
What is a stem cell?
Unspecialised cells that can differentiate to form many different types of cells.
Where can stem cells be found in humans?
From embryos and adult bone marrow.
Where can stem cells be found in plants?
In the roots and shoots.
How could nerve cells that are genetically identical to a patient be obtained?
Stem cells from their embryos and adult bone marrow can be cloned and made to differentiate into nerve cells.
How can stem cells be used to treat disease?
They can be implanted into the patient’s body to replace damaged cells and regenerate tissues.
What are the 2 main risks of stem cell therapy?
- Foreign cells may be rejected and attacked by the body.
- Foreign viruses or infections may be transferred to the patient.
Name the main ethical issue surrounding the use of stem cells.
Taking stem cells from embryos may be looked down upon as it can be seen as killing potential life.
What is a meristem cell?
A stem cell in plants.
Why are stem cells in plants used to produce clones?
Because it is quick and cheap.
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A cell with NO nucleus. PRO - NO.
What 2 types of cell are eukaryotic?
Plant cells and animal cells.
