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AQA GCSE Biology > B1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1: Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the organelles of an animal cell?

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes.

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2
Q

What organelles do plant and algae cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, Vacuole.

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3
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis.

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4
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Cellular respiration to release energy.

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To preserve the structure (stop cell collapsing) and to protect the cell.

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6
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Holds cell sap and stops cell from collapsing.

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To control what comes in/out of the cell.

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8
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm.

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9
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Where stem cells become specialised.

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10
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A type of cell adapted to carry out a specific function.

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11
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted for its function?

A
  1. It has a tail so it can swim.
  2. It has a streamlined body so it can swim faster.
  3. It has many mitochondria to release the energy needed to swim.
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12
Q

How is a red blood cell adapted for its function?

A
  1. It has a biconcave shape for a larger surface area - so it can store more oxygen.
  2. It has no nucleus so there is more space to store oxygen.
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13
Q

What is the difference in differentiation between plants and animals?

A

Plant cells retain their ability to differentiate throughout their life, whereas animal cells can only differentiate once.

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14
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Unspecialised cells that can differentiate to form many different types of cells.

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15
Q

Where can stem cells be found in humans?

A

From embryos and adult bone marrow.

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16
Q

Where can stem cells be found in plants?

A

In the roots and shoots.

17
Q

How could nerve cells that are genetically identical to a patient be obtained?

A

Stem cells from their embryos and adult bone marrow can be cloned and made to differentiate into nerve cells.

18
Q

How can stem cells be used to treat disease?

A

They can be implanted into the patient’s body to replace damaged cells and regenerate tissues.

19
Q

What are the 2 main risks of stem cell therapy?

A
  1. Foreign cells may be rejected and attacked by the body.
  2. Foreign viruses or infections may be transferred to the patient.
20
Q

Name the main ethical issue surrounding the use of stem cells.

A

Taking stem cells from embryos may be looked down upon as it can be seen as killing potential life.

21
Q

What is a meristem cell?

A

A stem cell in plants.

22
Q

Why are stem cells in plants used to produce clones?

A

Because it is quick and cheap.

23
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell with NO nucleus. PRO - NO.

24
Q

What 2 types of cell are eukaryotic?

A

Plant cells and animal cells.

25
Q

Which type of cell is prokaryotic?

A

Bacterial cell.

26
Q

Where is genetic material stored in bacterial cells?

A

In plasmids located in the cytoplasm.

27
Q

What are the organelles found in a bacteria cell?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmids. NO NUCLEUS.

27
Q

In terms of size, how to bacteria cells compare to eukaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria cells are smaller.

28
Q

What are the advantages of light microscopes?

A

They are much cheaper than electron microscopes.

28
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes, and how has this improved understanding of organelles?

A

They have a much higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes, so scientists can look closer at organelles and see them in much more detail.

28
Q

How do you convert from cm to mm?

A

Multiply by 10.

29
Q

How do you convert from mm to micrometres?

A

Multiply by 1000.

30
Q

How do you convert from mm to nanometres?

A

Multiply by 1000000.

31
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification = Image Size / Actual Size (I A/M)

AQA GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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