B3 infection and response Flashcards
how do viruses make you feel ill
-move into cells and use its biochemistry to make copies of itself
-cells burst and release copies into the blood cells damaging and destroying cells
how does bacteria make you feel ill
-multiply quickly through binary fission
-produce toxins to damage cells
how do protists cause illness
-some are parasitic meaning they need a host to live causing damage
how do fungi cause illness
-single celled or have a body made of string like structure
-can produce spores
how can pathogens spread
-direct contact
-through water
-by air droplets
how could you reduce the spread of pathogens
-improve hygiene
-reduce contact
-remove vectors
-vaccination
what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of measles
-fever and red skin rash can lead to other infections
-spread through droplet infections
-vaccinations at a young age
what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of HIV
-flu like symptoms, attacks immune system leading to AIDS which’s is deadly
-sexual contact or blood
-use condoms, don’t share needles, anti viral drugs
what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of tobacco mosaic virus
-discolouration and no photosynthesis generation
-contact between diseased plants
-good hygiene and pest control
what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of salmonella
-fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
-bacteria in raw food
-poultry is vaccinated and make sure to cook food
what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of gonorrhoea
-thick yellow or green discharge
-sexually transmitted
-using contraception and antibiotics
what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of rose black spot
-purple and black spots reduce photosynthesis area
-spores of fungus spread in water
-stripping plants of infected leaves
what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of malaria
-fevers and shaking
-through vectors that are mosquitos
-use insect nets and antimalarial drugs
what does skin do to protect the body against pathogens
-acts as a physical barrier
-produces anti-microbial secretion
-good microorganisms (skin flora) compete with space with bad ones
how does the nose protect the body from pathogens
has hairs and mucus which prevents particles from entering your body
how does the trachea and bronchi protect the body from pathogens
-secretes mucus to trap pathogens
-cilia waft mucus upwards so it can be swallowed
how does the stomach protect the body from pathogens
-produces hydrochloric acid that kills pathogens
what is phagocytosis
the act of phagocytes engulfing pathogens destroying them
what is a vaccination
a dead or inactive version of a cell that is inserted into someone for the white blood cells to understand how it works so that on an actual infection they can produce defences quicker
what are some advantages and disadvantages of vaccinations
adv-eradicate diseases, epidemics can be prevented
disadv-they are not always effective in providing immunity, can have bad reactions in response
what are antibiotics
medicines that kill bacteria
what are some advantages and disadvantages of antibiotics
adv- they have saved lots of people from bacterial diseases
disadv- cant defend against virus, need to take the right one or it could be detrimental, bacteria can become immune
how is bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics
-mutation can occur during reproduction resulting in antibiotics no longer killing bacteria
-resistant bacteria survive and reproduce making more
-this means antibiotics do not work
how can we stop bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics
-stop overusing antibiotics as it exposes them unnecessarily
-finish courses of antibiotics to kill bacteria
what originates from willows and foxgloves
pain killer, digitalis (treat heart disease)
how was penicillin made
-Alexander Fleming was growing bacteria in a plate
-found mold on the plates with white circles implying there was no bacteria there
-mold was producing a substance called penicillium which killed the bacteria
what is preclinical testing
using cells, tissues and live animals to test things on
explain clinical testing
-first tested on healthy volunteers with a low dose
-tested on patients to find best dosage
-placebo test is done to effect new drug
what are monoclonal antibodies
identical antibodies that have been removed from the same immune cell, because of this they have the ability to bind to only one protein antigen
how are monoclonal antibodies produced
-combining tumour cells with mice lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell that make antibodies but cannot survive) which forms a cell called a hybridoma
-the hybridoma can divide by itself creating antibodies
-antibodies are collected and purified
how are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests
-two sections of the stick, first section has mobile antibodies that are attached to blue beads complimentary to the hCG hormone
-second section has stationary antibodies complimentary to the ones in the stick
-individual uranates on the stick and if hCG is present it binds to the mobile antibodies to form hCG/antibody complexes
-they are carried to the second section and they bond with the hCG/antibody complexes and as they bond they form the blue lines
list way monoclonal antibodies are used in labs to measure and monitor
-can be used to measure and monitor levels of hormones and chemicals in the blood
-they are modified so they will bind to the molecule your looking for by binding to fluorescent dye that will show if molecules play
how can monoclonal antibodies help to treat cancer
-produce antibodies that bind to the tumour markers stimulate the immune system to attack the cell
-they bind to receptor sites on the cell surface of the cancer cells
-use monoclonal antibodies to transport toxic drugs chemicals or radioactive substances as they can only bind to cancer cells
what are advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies
adv: only bind to specific cells so healthy cells are fine, can be engineered to treat many different condition, reduce chance of triggering immune response
disadv: difficult to do, expensive to develop, often triggered an immune response when used in humans
what are common signs of plant disease
-stunted growth
-spots on leaves
-areas of decay
-abnormal growths
-malformed stems
-discolouration
-pests on leaves
what is nitrate deficiency
an ion deficiency that can stunt growth due to nitrate in the soil convert sugars made in photosynthesis into proteins which are needed for growth
what is magnesium deficiency
an ion deficiency that can cause chlorosis due to magnesium needed to make chlorophyll, this makes leaves yellow and prevents photosynthesis
what are some physical defences of plants
-tough waxy cuticle stops entry into leaves
-cellulose cell walls form a physical barrier into the cells
-layers of dead cells like bark stops pathogens from entering
what are some chemicals defences of plants
-poison detect herbivores form eating it
-antibacterial compounds kill bacteria
what are some mechanical defences of plants
-thorns and hair
-droop or curve when touched
-mimicry
what is mimicry
a mechanical defence for example drooping so animals don’t eat them or having patterns to scare away predators.
