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james has a substandard trim > B2 organisation > Flashcards

B2 organisation Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of specialised cells with a similar structure and function
eg: muscle tissue

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2
Q

what does the digestive system do

A

breaks down insoluble food so it can be absorbed by the cells

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3
Q

what do the salivary glands and pancreas do

A

produce digestive juices which contain enzymes which break down food

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4
Q

what does the stomach do

A

produces hydrochloric acid that kills bacteria and provides the optimum PH for protease enzymes to work

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5
Q

what does the small intestine do

A

absorbs soluble molecules into the blood

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6
Q

what does the liver do

A

produces bile which helps the digestion of lipids

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7
Q

what does the large intestine do

A

absorbs water from undigested food to produce faeces

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8
Q

what is an active site

A

the space on an enzyme where the substrate binds

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9
Q

what type of molecule are enzymes

A

protein

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10
Q

what factors effect enzymes and how

A

enzymes need an optimum PH and temperature if these are to high or low the active site will change shape causing it to denature

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11
Q

what do carbohydrase do

A

they area type of enzyme that converts carbohydrates into simple sugars
e.g.: amylase breaks down starch into maltose

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12
Q

what do proteases do

A

converts proteins into amino acids

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13
Q

what do lipases

A

convert lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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14
Q

where are lipases made

A

pancreas and small intestine

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15
Q

name the test for sugars

A

benedict’s test turns brick red

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16
Q

name the test for starch

A

Iodine test turns blue black

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17
Q

name the test for protein

A

Biuret test turns purple

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18
Q

name the test for lipids

A

emulsion test cloudy layer when ethanol is added

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19
Q

where is bile produced and stored

A

produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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20
Q

name the 2 functions of bile

A

-it is alkaline to neutralise the acidic PH of stomach acid as the enzymes in the small intestine’s optimum PH is more alkaline then those in the stomarch
-emulsifies fat (breaks down) as the larger surface area allows lipases to break down lipids into fatty acids faster

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21
Q

what is the double circulatory system mean

A

deoxygenated blood goes to the lungs and then oxygenated blood is pumped around the body

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22
Q

why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscle wall

A

the left ventricle needs to be pumped all around the body

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23
Q

what do valves do

A

make sure blood does not flow backwards

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24
Q

what do coronary arteries do

A

cover the heart to provide its own oxygenated blood

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25
Q

describe the process of blood flow through the heart

A

-flows to the right atrium through the vena cava and left atrium through the pulmonary vein
-atria contract forcing the blood into the ventricles
-ventricles contract pushing the blood in the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery to be taken to the lungs and blood in the left ventricle to the aorta to be taken around the body
-as this happens valves close to make sure blood does not flow backwards

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26
Q

what is a pacemaker

A

a group of cells that provide electrical impulses to make muscles contract forming a heart beat

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27
Q

what is an artificial pacemaker

A

electrical device that produces a signal causing heart to beat at a normal rate

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28
Q

what are arteries

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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29
Q

name 2 features of arteries

A

-layers of muscle make them strong
-elastic fibres let them stretch
helps vessels withstand blood pressure

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30
Q

what are veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

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31
Q

what are capillaries

A

blood vessels that flow close to cells to let substances pass between them

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32
Q

name 2 features of capillaries

A

-one cell thick wall for short diffusion pathway
-permeable walls so substances can move between them

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33
Q

how do you calculate rate of blood flow

A

volume of blood/number of minutes

34
Q

what do the lungs do

A

supply oxygen to the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide

35
Q

what does the trachea do

A

air moves through here

36
Q

what do the intercoastal muscles do

A

push air out the lungs

37
Q

what does the bronchi do

A

air from trachea go into hear lead to the lungs

38
Q

what do the bronchioles do

A

bronchi split into these and air moves in

39
Q

what does the Alveoli do

A

bronchioles lead into these where gaseous exchange occurs

40
Q

what does the diaphragm do

A

separates the lungs from the digestive system moves down causing inhalation

41
Q

how does ventilation work

A

-ribcage moves up and out and diaphragm moves down causing volume of chest to increase reducing pressure
-air is drawn into the chest as air moves from high pressure (environment) to low pressure (the lungs)
-opposite happens when exhaling

42
Q

explain gas exchange

A

-upon inhalation the alveoli fills with oxygen
-blood in capillaries surrounding the alveoli is deoxygenated it has lots of carbon dioxide as this is a product of respiration
-oxygen diffuses down its concentration gradient into the capillary bloodstream which has a low concentration of oxygen
-carbon dioxide diffuses down its concentration gradient from the blood to the aveoli

43
Q

how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange

A

-small and arranged in clusters creating a surface area for diffusion to take place
-capillaries provide a large blood supply maintaining concentration gradient
-the walls of the alveoli are vey thin meaning there is a short diffusion pathway

44
Q

what is blood made up of

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and plateletes

45
Q

what is plasma

A

liquid that carries the components of the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, glucose, amino acid, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins

46
Q

what are red blood cells

A

carries oxygen molecules from the lungs to all the cells in the body

47
Q

name 3 features of the blood cells

A

-bio concave disc shape provides large surface area
-no nucleus allowing for more space for oxygen
-contain red pigment haemoglobin which binds to oxygen and forms oxyhaemoglobin

48
Q

what are white blood cells

A

part of the immune system which is bodies defence against pathogens

49
Q

what are the three types of white blood cell

A

-those that produce antibodies (small proteins clump together) against microorganism
-those that engulf and digest pathogen
-those that produce antitoxins to neutralize poison

50
Q

what are platelets

A

they help clot blood at the wound

51
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

when coronary arteries provide blood to the heart become blocked with the build up of fatty material this results in less blood flow reducing its oxygen supply

52
Q

how to stents stop coronary heart disease

A

they are metal tubes that keep the arteries open to allow blood to flow through

53
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages of stents

A

Adv= lower heart attack risk, quick recovery from surgery
disadv= risk of heart attack during the procedure, blood clots can form near the stent

54
Q

how do statins stop coronary heart disease

A

they are drugs that reduce the level of bad cholesterol which would lead to coronary heart disease

55
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages of statins

A

adv= reduces risk of coronary heart disease, increase good cholesterol
disadv= need to be taken consistently, can produce side effects

56
Q

what are faulty valves

A

when a heart valve becomes stiff so cannot open or it is damaged so it leaks blood in the wrong direction

57
Q

how can you fix faulty valves

A

-replacing it with biological valves
-replace it with mechanical valves

58
Q

how can heart failure be treated

A

can be solved with a heart transplant

59
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages of heart transplants

A

adv= less likely to be rejected by the immune system
disadv= needs fresh donor, surgery leaves body to be exposed, blood clots could form

60
Q

what is a casual mechanism

A

an explanation of how one factor correlates to another

61
Q

what causes cardiovascular diseases

A

-bad diet increases bad cholesterol results in arteries becoming blocked increasing blood pressure
-smoking damages walls of arteries
-exercise lowers blood pressure

62
Q

what causes type 2 diabetes

A

-obesity releases fat molecules

63
Q

what causes liver and brain disfunctions

A

-alcohol causes fatty liver
-alcohol damages nerve cells in the brain

64
Q

what causes lung disease and lung cancer

A

smoking damages cells in the lining of the lungs

65
Q

what can cause cancer

A

carcinogens and ionising radiation

66
Q

name features of a benign tumour

A

-not cancerous
-grows until there is no room
-does not invade other tissues
-if it causes damage t an organ it can be damaging

67
Q

name features of a malignant tumour

A

-cancerous
-may split carrying cells into the bloodstream
-can travel into one organ
-cancer cells
-rapidly divide and have longer life spans

68
Q

what is epidermal tissue

A

covers the whole plant and having a waxy cuticle which helps to reduce water loss via evaporation

69
Q

what is xylem

A

found in the roots, stem and leaves, they are dead cells joined together with holes in it allowing the movement of water and mineral ions where it evaporates and leaves the plant

70
Q

what is palisade mesophyll tissue

A

cells found underneath the epidermal tissue with extra chloroplast which means photosynthesis can happen more rapidly

71
Q

what is phloem

A

found in roots stems and leaves these are elongated cells that let cell sap and food move through both ways to various parts of the body

72
Q

what is meristematic tissue

A

allows plant to grow

73
Q

what do guard cells do

A

these surround stomata and controls opening and closing of them

74
Q

what is translocation

A

movement of food substances in the leaves up or down the phloem

75
Q

what is transpiration

A

loss of water and water vapour from the leaves and stems from the plant

76
Q

how does increased temperature effect transpiration

A

molecules move faster resulting in increased evaporation and therefore transpiration increases

77
Q

how does an increase in elative humidity effect transpiration

A

will reduce the concentration gradient between water vapour inside and outside the leaf this results in a slower rate of diffusion and transpiration

78
Q

how does increased wind movement effect transpiration

A

lower amount of water vapour outside the leaf as wind blows it away so steeper concentration gradient increasing transpiration

79
Q

how does increase in light intensity effect transpiration

A

increase in photosynthesis so more stomata open to allow gaseous exchange, so more water evaporates so increase in transpiration

80
Q

name some features of guard cells

A

-thin outer walls and thick inner walls
-open stomata when water is available for the plant (light sensitive)
-allows gases to be exchanged and more water to leave the plant via evaporation

james has a substandard trim (22 decks)

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