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james has a substandard trim > B2 organisation > Flashcards

B2 organisation Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of specialised cells with a similar structure and function
eg: muscle tissue

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2
Q

what does the digestive system do

A

breaks down insoluble food so it can be absorbed by the cells

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3
Q

what do the salivary glands and pancreas do

A

produce digestive juices which contain enzymes which break down food

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4
Q

what does the stomach do

A

produces hydrochloric acid that kills bacteria and provides the optimum PH for protease enzymes to work

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5
Q

what does the small intestine do

A

absorbs soluble molecules into the blood

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6
Q

what does the liver do

A

produces bile which helps the digestion of lipids

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7
Q

what does the large intestine do

A

absorbs water from undigested food to produce faeces

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8
Q

what is an active site

A

the space on an enzyme where the substrate binds

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9
Q

what type of molecule are enzymes

A

protein

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10
Q

what factors effect enzymes and how

A

enzymes need an optimum PH and temperature if these are to high or low the active site will change shape causing it to denature

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11
Q

what do carbohydrase do

A

they area type of enzyme that converts carbohydrates into simple sugars
e.g.: amylase breaks down starch into maltose

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12
Q

what do proteases do

A

converts proteins into amino acids

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13
Q

what do lipases

A

convert lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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14
Q

where are lipases made

A

pancreas and small intestine

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15
Q

name the test for sugars

A

benedict’s test turns brick red

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16
Q

name the test for starch

A

Iodine test turns blue black

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17
Q

name the test for protein

A

Biuret test turns purple

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18
Q

name the test for lipids

A

emulsion test cloudy layer when ethanol is added

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19
Q

where is bile produced and stored

A

produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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20
Q

name the 2 functions of bile

A

-it is alkaline to neutralise the acidic PH of stomach acid as the enzymes in the small intestine’s optimum PH is more alkaline then those in the stomarch
-emulsifies fat (breaks down) as the larger surface area allows lipases to break down lipids into fatty acids faster

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21
Q

what is the double circulatory system mean

A

deoxygenated blood goes to the lungs and then oxygenated blood is pumped around the body

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22
Q

why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscle wall

A

the left ventricle needs to be pumped all around the body

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23
Q

what do valves do

A

make sure blood does not flow backwards

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24
Q

what do coronary arteries do

A

cover the heart to provide its own oxygenated blood

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25
describe the process of blood flow through the heart
-flows to the right atrium through the vena cava and left atrium through the pulmonary vein -atria contract forcing the blood into the ventricles -ventricles contract pushing the blood in the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery to be taken to the lungs and blood in the left ventricle to the aorta to be taken around the body -as this happens valves close to make sure blood does not flow backwards
26
what is a pacemaker
a group of cells that provide electrical impulses to make muscles contract forming a heart beat
27
what is an artificial pacemaker
electrical device that produces a signal causing heart to beat at a normal rate
28
what are arteries
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
29
name 2 features of arteries
-layers of muscle make them strong -elastic fibres let them stretch helps vessels withstand blood pressure
30
what are veins
blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart
31
what are capillaries
blood vessels that flow close to cells to let substances pass between them
32
name 2 features of capillaries
-one cell thick wall for short diffusion pathway -permeable walls so substances can move between them
33
how do you calculate rate of blood flow
volume of blood/number of minutes
34
what do the lungs do
supply oxygen to the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide
35
what does the trachea do
air moves through here
36
what do the intercoastal muscles do
push air out the lungs
37
what does the bronchi do
air from trachea go into hear lead to the lungs
38
what do the bronchioles do
bronchi split into these and air moves in
39
what does the Alveoli do
bronchioles lead into these where gaseous exchange occurs
40
what does the diaphragm do
separates the lungs from the digestive system moves down causing inhalation
41
how does ventilation work
-ribcage moves up and out and diaphragm moves down causing volume of chest to increase reducing pressure -air is drawn into the chest as air moves from high pressure (environment) to low pressure (the lungs) -opposite happens when exhaling
42
explain gas exchange
-upon inhalation the alveoli fills with oxygen -blood in capillaries surrounding the alveoli is deoxygenated it has lots of carbon dioxide as this is a product of respiration -oxygen diffuses down its concentration gradient into the capillary bloodstream which has a low concentration of oxygen -carbon dioxide diffuses down its concentration gradient from the blood to the aveoli
43
how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange
-small and arranged in clusters creating a surface area for diffusion to take place -capillaries provide a large blood supply maintaining concentration gradient -the walls of the alveoli are vey thin meaning there is a short diffusion pathway
44
what is blood made up of
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and plateletes
45
what is plasma
liquid that carries the components of the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, glucose, amino acid, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins
46
what are red blood cells
carries oxygen molecules from the lungs to all the cells in the body
47
name 3 features of the blood cells
-bio concave disc shape provides large surface area -no nucleus allowing for more space for oxygen -contain red pigment haemoglobin which binds to oxygen and forms oxyhaemoglobin
48
what are white blood cells
part of the immune system which is bodies defence against pathogens
49
what are the three types of white blood cell
-those that produce antibodies (small proteins clump together) against microorganism -those that engulf and digest pathogen -those that produce antitoxins to neutralize poison
50
what are platelets
they help clot blood at the wound
51
what is coronary heart disease
when coronary arteries provide blood to the heart become blocked with the build up of fatty material this results in less blood flow reducing its oxygen supply
52
how to stents stop coronary heart disease
they are metal tubes that keep the arteries open to allow blood to flow through
53
what are some advantages and disadvantages of stents
Adv= lower heart attack risk, quick recovery from surgery disadv= risk of heart attack during the procedure, blood clots can form near the stent
54
how do statins stop coronary heart disease
they are drugs that reduce the level of bad cholesterol which would lead to coronary heart disease
55
what are some advantages and disadvantages of statins
adv= reduces risk of coronary heart disease, increase good cholesterol disadv= need to be taken consistently, can produce side effects
56
what are faulty valves
when a heart valve becomes stiff so cannot open or it is damaged so it leaks blood in the wrong direction
57
how can you fix faulty valves
-replacing it with biological valves -replace it with mechanical valves
58
how can heart failure be treated
can be solved with a heart transplant
59
what are some advantages and disadvantages of heart transplants
adv= less likely to be rejected by the immune system disadv= needs fresh donor, surgery leaves body to be exposed, blood clots could form
60
what is a casual mechanism
an explanation of how one factor correlates to another
61
what causes cardiovascular diseases
-bad diet increases bad cholesterol results in arteries becoming blocked increasing blood pressure -smoking damages walls of arteries -exercise lowers blood pressure
62
what causes type 2 diabetes
-obesity releases fat molecules
63
what causes liver and brain disfunctions
-alcohol causes fatty liver -alcohol damages nerve cells in the brain
64
what causes lung disease and lung cancer
smoking damages cells in the lining of the lungs
65
what can cause cancer
carcinogens and ionising radiation
66
name features of a benign tumour
-not cancerous -grows until there is no room -does not invade other tissues -if it causes damage t an organ it can be damaging
67
name features of a malignant tumour
-cancerous -may split carrying cells into the bloodstream -can travel into one organ -cancer cells -rapidly divide and have longer life spans
68
what is epidermal tissue
covers the whole plant and having a waxy cuticle which helps to reduce water loss via evaporation
69
what is xylem
found in the roots, stem and leaves, they are dead cells joined together with holes in it allowing the movement of water and mineral ions where it evaporates and leaves the plant
70
what is palisade mesophyll tissue
cells found underneath the epidermal tissue with extra chloroplast which means photosynthesis can happen more rapidly
71
what is phloem
found in roots stems and leaves these are elongated cells that let cell sap and food move through both ways to various parts of the body
72
what is meristematic tissue
allows plant to grow
73
what do guard cells do
these surround stomata and controls opening and closing of them
74
what is translocation
movement of food substances in the leaves up or down the phloem
75
what is transpiration
loss of water and water vapour from the leaves and stems from the plant
76
how does increased temperature effect transpiration
molecules move faster resulting in increased evaporation and therefore transpiration increases
77
how does an increase in elative humidity effect transpiration
will reduce the concentration gradient between water vapour inside and outside the leaf this results in a slower rate of diffusion and transpiration
78
how does increased wind movement effect transpiration
lower amount of water vapour outside the leaf as wind blows it away so steeper concentration gradient increasing transpiration
79
how does increase in light intensity effect transpiration
increase in photosynthesis so more stomata open to allow gaseous exchange, so more water evaporates so increase in transpiration
80
name some features of guard cells
-thin outer walls and thick inner walls -open stomata when water is available for the plant (light sensitive) -allows gases to be exchanged and more water to leave the plant via evaporation

james has a substandard trim (22 decks)

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