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Biology > B3 - Infection and response > Flashcards

B3 - Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference and similarities between a virus and bacteria ( 5 marks)

A

Virus - A lot smaller than bacteria
Virus lives inside cell and replicates themselves then bursts - releasing new viruses
Cell damage makes u feel ill
Bacteria - Make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage cells and tissues - outside cell
Both reproduce rapidly

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2
Q

What are protists and how can they make someone feel ill

A

Single-celled eukaryotes
Some protists are parasites - live on or inside other organisms and can cause damage

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3
Q

What is a vector

A

Organism that carries a protist but doesn’t get the disease itself

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4
Q

How do fungi make someone feel ill ( 2 marks)

A

Grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants causing diseases

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5
Q

How can pathogens spread (3 marks)

A

Water - drinking or bathing in dirty water
Air - breathed in - sneeze or cough
Direct contact - touching contaiminated surfaces

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6
Q

Measles:
What is it
How does it spread
Symptoms
Precaution against it

A

Virus
Droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough
Fever, red skin rash
Vaccination as a child

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7
Q

What is late stage HIV/AIDS

A

Body’s immune system is badly damaged and can’t cope with other infections or cancer

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8
Q

HIV:
What is it/happens
How does it spread
Symptoms
Treatment

A

Virus
Virus attacks immune cells
Sexual contact/exchange in bodily fluids - when drug users share needles
Flu-like symptoms
Antiretroviral drugs - stops virus replicating in the body

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9
Q

Salmonella:
What is it/happens
How does it spread
Symptoms
Treatment

A

Bacteria
Bacteria producing toxins
Fever, cramp, vomiting, diarrhoea
Food prepared in unhygienic conditions or not cooked properly
Improve food hygiene, wash hands, cook food thoroughly
UK - most poultry are vaccinated against salmonella

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10
Q

Malaria:
What is it/happens
How does it spread
Symptoms
Treatment

A

Caused by a protist
Part of malarial protist’s life cycle takes place inside mosquito
By vector (mosquito)
Prevent breeding of mosquitoes/use mosquito nets to avoid being bitten
Recurrent fever

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11
Q

Name the parts of our defence system and their function (6 marks)

A

Nose hairs - trap particles that contain pathogens
Trachea/Bronchi - release mucus to trap pathogens
Cillia - move mucus up to the throat to be swallowed
Stomach - produces hcl - kills most indigested pathogens
Skin - stops pathogen getting in

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12
Q

Rose black spot:
What is it/happens
How does it spread
Symptoms
Treatment

A

Fungus
Causes purple or black spots to develop on leaves of rose plants - leaves turn yellow then drop off
Less photosynthesis can happen - plant doesn’t grow very well
Spreads through environment in water or wind
Fungicides/removing affected leaves and destroying them

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13
Q

TMV:
What is it/happens
How does it spread
Symptoms
Treatment

A

Virus
Affects many species of plant e.g tomatoes
Causes mosaic pattern on leaves of plant - part of the leaves become discoloured
Discolouration means plant carries out less photosynthesis
Contaminated surfaces/ seed transmission

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14
Q

Gonorrhoea:
What is it/happens
How does it spread
Symptoms
Treatment

A

Bacteria
Sexual contact
Pain in urination/thick yellow or green discharge from genitals
Antibiotics - usage of barrier methods of contraception

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15
Q

Describe four ways the spread of disease can generally be reduced/prevented

A

Being hygienic - washing hands thoroughly
Destroying vectors - can no longer breed
Isolating infected individuals - prevents them from passing it on to someone else
Vaccination - Can’t develop infection and then pass it on

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16
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes engulf the pathogens and digest them
Antibodies are made by the body that has a specific shape to the antigen
Antitoxin used to neutralise toxins produced by bacteria

17
Q

What is vaccination

A

Small amounts of dead or inactive form of the pathogen injected into the body - grow immunity

18
Q

What are the pros and cons of vaccination (3 marks)

A

Pros:
helped control lots of communicable diseases that were common in the UK
Big outbreaks of disease - epidemics - can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated
Cons:
Vaccines don’t always work - sometimes do not give immunity
You can have a bad reaction to a vaccine

19
Q

What happens when you are first infected by a pathogen (vaccine)
What happens when you are re-infected by the same pathogen

A

White blood cells detect pathogen in the vaccine, antibodies are released into the blood
White blood cells produce antibodies quicker, so you do not become ill

20
Q

What is a painkiller

A

Drug that are used to treat the symptoms of a disease, they do not kill pathogens

21
Q

What does antibiotic mean

A

Drug that kills bacteria but does not work on viruses

22
Q

What is aspirin and what was it developed from

A

Painkiller and lower - willow bark

23
Q

What is digitalis and what was it developed from

A

A heart drug - foxglove plant

24
Q

What is penicillin and what was it developed from

A

Antibiotic - mould

25
Q

Describe and explain the three main stages in drug testing ( 6 marks)

A

Preclinical testing -Drug tested on human cells and tissues in the lab
Preclinical testing - drug tested on live animals - efficacy and toxicity and dosage (basically all 3 fr)
Clinical trial - drug tested on healthy volunteers - makes sure it does not have any harmful side effects when the body is working normally
At the start of the trial, a very low dose of the drug is given, and this gradually increases
If the results of the tests on healthy volunteers are good, the drug can be tested on people suffering from the illness - optimum dose is found

26
Q

What is optimum dosage

A

Most effective and has few side effects

27
Q

Describe the placebo trial

A

Patients are randomly put into two groups - one given the new drug, other given placebo - doctor can see the actual difference the drug makes

28
Q

Describe and explain the double blind trial

A

Neither the patient nor doctor knows whether they are giving/receiving real drug or placebo until results have been gathered

29
Q

Why do clinical trials of a new drug begin with healthy volunteers

A

Make sure the drug doesn’t have any harmful side effects when the body is working normally

30
Q

Why must the results from drug testing be assessed by peer review

A

To help prevent false claims about the results

31
Q

Describe four ways the spread of disease can generally be reduced/prevented

A

Being hygienic - washing hands thoroughly
Destroying vectors - can no longer breed
Isolating infected individuals - prevents them from passing it on to someone else
Vaccination - Can’t develop infection and then pass it on

Biology (9 decks)

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