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Biology > B2 - Organisation Part 2 > Flashcards

B2 - Organisation Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Carries air to/from the lungs

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2
Q

What is the function of the bronchioles?

A

Carries air to/from the alveoli

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3
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

Site of gas exchange in the lungs

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4
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

Allows gas exchange between blood and alveoli
Connects arteries and veins
Supply food and oxygen and take away waste like CO^2

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5
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs to take in oxygen

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the left ventricle?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood around all other organs of the body

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7
Q

What is the function of the artery and how is it adapted ( 4 marks)

A

Carries blood away from the heart
Artery walls are strong and elastic - can carry blood under high pressure
Thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back

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8
Q

What is the function of the vein and how is it adapted#
How do veins prevent backflow of blood

A

Carries blood into the heart
Large lumen to help blood flow despite the lower pressure
Thin walls - carries blood under low pressure
They have valves

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9
Q

What is the function of the capillary and how is it adapted

A

Supply food and oxygen so substances can diffuse in and out
Connect arteries and veins together
Walls are one cell thick - can carry blood under very low pressure, increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing distance
Permeable walls, so substances can diffuse in and out

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10
Q

What is the purpose of circulatory system?

A

Carries oxygen and other useful substances to tissues and removes waste substances

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11
Q

How does the double circulatory system work?

A

One pathway carries blood from the heart to the lungs
One pathway carries blood from the heart to the tissues

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12
Q

What are the four parts of the blood

A

Plasma
Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelets

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13
Q

What is the function of the plasma and red blood cell

A

Transports CO2, hormones and waste
Carries oxygen

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14
Q

What is the function of the white blood cell how is it adapted to do this function (5 marks)

A

Defends against infection
Can change shape for phagocytosis
Produce antibodies to fight microorganisms
Produces antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by the microorganisms
Clump together to form blood clots no

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15
Q

How to calculate rate of blood flow and units

A

volume of blood/number of minutes
ml/min

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16
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for its function
(3 marks)

A

Biconcave disk for large surface area for absorbing oxygen
No nucleus, allows more room for carrying oxygen
Contains haemoglobin, can combine with oxygen in the lungs and release it in body tissues

17
Q

Why do platelets blood clot

A

Stop blood pouring out and stop microorganisms getting in

18
Q

What causes CHD and how can it be treated

A

Build up of fatty materials in coronary arteries
Stents - Statins

18
Q

What causes CHD and how can it be treated

A

Build up of fatty materials in coronary arteries
Stents - Statins

19
Q

What causes heart failure and how can it be treated

A

Heart can not pump enough blood
Artificial heart
Donor heart

20
Q

What causes a fault in the valve and how can it be treated

A

Blood doesn’t flow normally
Valve replacement

21
Q

Pros and cons of stents
(4 marks)

A

Pros: Effective for a long time and the recovery time from the surgery is relatively quick
Cons: Risk of complications during the operation such as an heart attack and risk of infection from surgery
Risk of patient developing blood clot near the stent (thrombosis)

22
Q

How are statins used to treat CHD
(2 marks)

A

Drug that reduces the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol in the bloodstream. Slows down rate of fatty deposits forming

23
Q

What are the advantages of using statins ( 3 marks)

A

Pros:
By reducing the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol in the blood statins can reduce the risk of strokes, CHD and heart attacks
Can increase the amount of beneficial cholesterol in blood, this type removes the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol from the blood
Statins may prevent some other diseases

24
Q

What are the disadvantage of using statins (3 marks)

A

Long term drug that must be taken regularly, risk patient may forget them
Negative side effects - headaches
Some serious ones like kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss
The effect of statins is not instant, and it takes time for their effect to kick in

25
Q

What can a faulty valve lead to ( 2 marks)

A

Valve tissue stiffens - won’t open properly

26
Q

Function of platelets and does it have a nucleus

A

Clump together to form blood clots no

27
Q

How are stents used to treat CHD
( 4 marks)

A

Tubes inserted inside arteries, keeps them open, making sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles, keeping the persons heart beating and alive

28
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries

A

Branch of aorta and surround the surface of the heart making sure that it gets all the oxygenated blood

29
Q

What parts of the heart pump deoxygenated blood

A

Vena cava
Pulmonary Artery

30
Q

What parts of the heart pumps oxygenated blood

A

Aorta
Pulmonary Vein

31
Q

Explain how the heart uses the four chambers to pump blood around ( 5 marks)

A

Blood flows into the two atria from the vena cava and pulmonary vein
Atria contract pushing blood into ventricles
Ventricles contract forcing blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta and out of the heart
Blood then flows to the organs through arteries and returns through veins
Atria fills again and whole cycle starts over

32
Q

What controls the natural resting heart rate?

A

A group of cells located in the right atrium (pacemaker cells).

33
Q

What are artificial pacemakers used for?

A

Electrical devices
used to correct irregularities in the heart rate.

34
Q

Order of the heart

A

vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Pulmonary vein

35
Q

What does a lack of platelets lead

A

Can cause excessive bleeding and bruising

36
Q

What does a leaky valve lead to ( 2 marks)

A

Blood flows in both direction rather than just forward - blood doesn’t circulate as effectively as normal

37
Q

What is the function of the aorta

A

Carries blood away from the heart to organs

38
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery

A

Carries blood away to the heart

Biology (9 decks)

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