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Biology > B3 - Infection and Response > Flashcards

B3 - Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

what do pathogens produce that make us feel ill

A

toxins that damage tissues

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2
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganisms which cause infectious disease

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3
Q

how to pathogens infect people

A

direct contact
water
air

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4
Q

why do viruses cause cell damage

A

as they live inside cells causing cell damage

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5
Q

what type of disease is measles

A

viral

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6
Q

measles symptoms

A

fever
red skin rash

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7
Q

how is measles prevented

A

most young children are vaccinated against it

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8
Q

how is measles spread

A

inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs

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9
Q

HIV symptoms

A

flue like symptoms

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10
Q

what can HIV be controlled by

A

antiretrovical drugs

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11
Q

what does HIV attack

A

the bodys immune cells

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12
Q

when does AIDS happen

A

when HIV causes the bodys immune system to become so badly damaged it cant deal with other infections or cancers

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13
Q

how is HIV spread

A

sexual contact
exchange of bodily fluids

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14
Q

what does TMV affect

A

many species of plant including tomatoes

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15
Q

TMV symptoms

A

mosaic pattern of discolouration

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16
Q

what is salmonella

A

a food posining spread by bacteria ingested in food

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17
Q

how is salmonella prevented

A

poultry are vaccinated

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18
Q

salmonella symptoms

A

fever
abdominal cramps
vomiting
diarrhoea

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19
Q

ghonorrhoea symptoms

A

thick yellow or green discharge
pain during urination

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20
Q

what was gonnorrhoea previosuly treated by

A

penicilin

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21
Q

how is gonorrhoea spread

A

sexual contact

22
Q

how can gonorrhoea be controlled

A

anitbiotics
barrier contraception

23
Q

which type of disease is rose black spot

A

fungal

24
Q

rose black spot symptoms

A

purple/black spots develop on leaves

25
Q

how is rose blackspot spread

A

water
wind

26
Q

how can rose black spot be treated

A

using fungicides or removing and destroying affected leaves

27
Q

what type of disease is malaria

A

protist

28
Q

how is the spread of malaria controlled

A

preventing vectors from breeding
mosquito nets

29
Q

how does the skin defend against pathogens

A

acts as a barrier
secretes antimicrobial substances

30
Q

how does the nose defend agaisnt pathogenst

A

structures in the nose dont allow pathogens to go through:
hairs
mucus
they trap particles that may contain pathogens

31
Q

how do the trachea and bronchi help defend against pathogens

A

theyre lined with cilia which take the mucus up to the back of the throat where its swallowed

32
Q

how does the stomach help defend against pathogens

A

makes hydrochloric acid to kill them

33
Q

what is phagotocis

A

when your white blood cells engulf foreign cells and digest them

34
Q

how do white blood cells produce antibodies

A

1 - the white blood cell find a foreign antigen they begin to produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto the invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed
2 - the antibodies are produced rapidly and carried all around the body to attach to the antigens

35
Q

how do vaccines work

A

introducing a small quantitiy of the dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies. if the same pathogen enters the body, the white blood cells can respond quickly and produce the correct antibodies preventing infection

36
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

they help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body.

37
Q

why is it difficult to treat viral diseases with drugs

A

its hard to develop drugs that kill viruses without damaging the body’s tissues.

38
Q

examples of drugs that were extracted from plants

A

digitalis - treats heart - foxgloves
aspirin - painkiller - willow
penicilin - mould

39
Q

what 3 things are new drugs tested for

A

toxicity
efficacy
dose

40
Q

describe the process of trialing a drug

A

1 - drugs tested on human cells and tissues in the lab
2 - testing it on live animals to test for efficacy, toxicity, dosage
3 - tested on human volunteers

41
Q

describe the clincal trials

A

1 - drug tested on healthy volunteers to make sure there are no harmful side effects.
2 - drugs tested on people who are suffering from the illness to find optimum dose
3 - double blind trials

42
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies produced

A

1 - stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particluar antibody.
2 - the lymphocytes are combined with a tumour cell to make a hybridoma cell
3 - the hybrodioma cell is then cloned to produce many identical cells
4 - these cells produce the same antibody which can be collected and purified

43
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests

A

1 - the part of the stick you urinate on has antibodies to HCG with blue beads attached
2 - the test strip has more of the antibodies which make HCG stick onto it if present
3 - if pregenant, the hormone and beads binds to the antibodies meaning it turns blue

44
Q

how can monoclonal antibodies be used to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue

A

1 - monoclonal antibodies are made that will bind to the specific molecule being looked for
2 - the antibodies are attached to a floruecent dye
3 - if the molecules are present, the antibodies will attach to them and detected using the dye

45
Q

why are monoclonal antibodies not as widely used as hoped

A

as they have many side effects

46
Q

how can plant diseases be identified

A

gardening manual or website
taking infected plants to labs to identify
using testing kits which use monoclonal antibodies

47
Q

what are nitrate ions needed for

A

protein synthesis - growth

48
Q

what are magnesium ions needed for

A

to make chlorophyll

49
Q

plant physical defenses

A

cellulose cell wall
tough waxy cuticle on leaves
layers of dead cells around stems

50
Q

chemical plant defenses

A

antibacterial chemicals
poisons to deter herbivores

51
Q

mechanical plant defenses

A

thorns and hairs deter animals
leaves which droop or curl
mimicry

Biology (5 decks)

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