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Biology > B3 - Infection and Response > Flashcards

B3 - Infection and Response Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

what do pathogens produce that make us feel ill

A

toxins that damage tissues

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2
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganisms which cause infectious disease

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3
Q

how to pathogens infect people

A

direct contact
water
air

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4
Q

why do viruses cause cell damage

A

as they live inside cells causing cell damage

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5
Q

what type of disease is measles

A

viral

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6
Q

measles symptoms

A

fever
red skin rash

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7
Q

how is measles prevented

A

most young children are vaccinated against it

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8
Q

how is measles spread

A

inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs

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9
Q

HIV symptoms

A

flue like symptoms

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10
Q

what can HIV be controlled by

A

antiretrovical drugs

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11
Q

what does HIV attack

A

the bodys immune cells

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12
Q

when does AIDS happen

A

when HIV causes the bodys immune system to become so badly damaged it cant deal with other infections or cancers

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13
Q

how is HIV spread

A

sexual contact
exchange of bodily fluids

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14
Q

what does TMV affect

A

many species of plant including tomatoes

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15
Q

TMV symptoms

A

mosaic pattern of discolouration

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16
Q

what is salmonella

A

a food posining spread by bacteria ingested in food

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17
Q

how is salmonella prevented

A

poultry are vaccinated

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18
Q

salmonella symptoms

A

fever
abdominal cramps
vomiting
diarrhoea

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19
Q

ghonorrhoea symptoms

A

thick yellow or green discharge
pain during urination

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20
Q

what was gonnorrhoea previosuly treated by

A

penicilin

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21
Q

how is gonorrhoea spread

Study These Flashcards
A

sexual contact

22
Q

how can gonorrhoea be controlled

Study These Flashcards
A

anitbiotics
barrier contraception

23
Q

which type of disease is rose black spot

24
Q

rose black spot symptoms

Study These Flashcards
A

purple/black spots develop on leaves

25
how is rose blackspot spread
water wind
26
how can rose black spot be treated
using fungicides or removing and destroying affected leaves
27
what type of disease is malaria
protist
28
how is the spread of malaria controlled
preventing vectors from breeding mosquito nets
29
how does the skin defend against pathogens
acts as a barrier secretes antimicrobial substances
30
how does the nose defend agaisnt pathogenst
structures in the nose dont allow pathogens to go through: hairs mucus they trap particles that may contain pathogens
31
how do the trachea and bronchi help defend against pathogens
theyre lined with cilia which take the mucus up to the back of the throat where its swallowed
32
how does the stomach help defend against pathogens
makes hydrochloric acid to kill them
33
what is phagotocis
when your white blood cells engulf foreign cells and digest them
34
how do white blood cells produce antibodies
1 - the white blood cell find a foreign antigen they begin to produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto the invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed 2 - the antibodies are produced rapidly and carried all around the body to attach to the antigens
35
how do vaccines work
introducing a small quantitiy of the dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies. if the same pathogen enters the body, the white blood cells can respond quickly and produce the correct antibodies preventing infection
36
how do antibiotics work
they help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body.
37
why is it difficult to treat viral diseases with drugs
its hard to develop drugs that kill viruses without damaging the body's tissues.
38
examples of drugs that were extracted from plants
digitalis - treats heart - foxgloves aspirin - painkiller - willow penicilin - mould
39
what 3 things are new drugs tested for
toxicity efficacy dose
40
describe the process of trialing a drug
1 - drugs tested on human cells and tissues in the lab 2 - testing it on live animals to test for efficacy, toxicity, dosage 3 - tested on human volunteers
41
describe the clincal trials
1 - drug tested on healthy volunteers to make sure there are no harmful side effects. 2 - drugs tested on people who are suffering from the illness to find optimum dose 3 - double blind trials
42
how are monoclonal antibodies produced
1 - stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particluar antibody. 2 - the lymphocytes are combined with a tumour cell to make a hybridoma cell 3 - the hybrodioma cell is then cloned to produce many identical cells 4 - these cells produce the same antibody which can be collected and purified
43
how are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests
1 - the part of the stick you urinate on has antibodies to HCG with blue beads attached 2 - the test strip has more of the antibodies which make HCG stick onto it if present 3 - if pregenant, the hormone and beads binds to the antibodies meaning it turns blue
44
how can monoclonal antibodies be used to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue
1 - monoclonal antibodies are made that will bind to the specific molecule being looked for 2 - the antibodies are attached to a floruecent dye 3 - if the molecules are present, the antibodies will attach to them and detected using the dye
45
why are monoclonal antibodies not as widely used as hoped
as they have many side effects
46
how can plant diseases be identified
gardening manual or website taking infected plants to labs to identify using testing kits which use monoclonal antibodies
47
what are nitrate ions needed for
protein synthesis - growth
48
what are magnesium ions needed for
to make chlorophyll
49
plant physical defenses
cellulose cell wall tough waxy cuticle on leaves layers of dead cells around stems
50
chemical plant defenses
antibacterial chemicals poisons to deter herbivores
51
mechanical plant defenses
thorns and hairs deter animals leaves which droop or curl mimicry

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