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Biology > B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

how are sperm cells specialised

A

long tail
streamlined head
mitochondria to provide energy
enzymes in head to digest through egg cell membrane

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2
Q

how are nerve cells specialised

A

long to cover distance
branched connections at the ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network

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3
Q

how are muscle cells specialised

A

long so they have space to contract
lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed

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4
Q

how are root hair cells specialised

A

they give the plant a bigger surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions

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5
Q

how are pholem and xylem cells specialised

A

xylem - hollow in the centre
pholem - very few subcellular structures

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6
Q

when do most animal cells differentiate

A

at a very early stage

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7
Q

in mature animals, what is cell division mainly restricted to

A

repair and replacement

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8
Q

what happens as a cell differentiates

A

it acquires different subcellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function

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9
Q

how often do bacteria multiply by binary fission

A

every 20 mins given they have enough nutrients and suitable temp

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10
Q

what does the nucleus of each cell contain

A

chromosnes and dna

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11
Q

what do chromosones carry

A

genes

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12
Q

what are chromosones normally found in

A

pairs

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13
Q

describe the stages of the cell cycle

A

1 - grows and increases the number of sub cellular structures

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13
Q

describe the stages of mitosis

A

1 - grows and increases the number of sub cellular structures. the dna replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosones
2 - one set of chromosones is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides
3 - the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical cells

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14
Q

when do organisms use mitosis

A

to grow or replace cells that have been damanged

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15
Q

what is a stem cell

A

an undifferenciated cell

16
Q

what are stem cells from human embryos used for

A

cloned to differentiate into most different types of human cells

17
Q

what are stem cells in bone marrow used for

A

to mainly make blood cells

18
Q

what is the benifit of using meristem tissue

A

it can differentiate at any stage of the plants life

19
Q

what conditions can be treated w stem cells

A

diabetes
paralysis

20
Q

what is theraputic cloning

A

when the embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient

21
Q

advantage of theraputic cloning

A

cannot be rejected by the patients body as they have the same genes

22
Q

disadvatage of stem cell use

A

risks of trasfering viral infection
religious and ethical beliefs

23
Q

what is diffusion

A

the net movement of particles from an area of higer concentration to lower concentration

24
Q

what are factors which affect the rate of diffusion

A

the concentration gradient
temp
surface area

25
Q

how are the lungs specialised to exchange materials

A

they have alveoli. alveoli have:
a huge surface area
moist lining for disolving gasses
thin walls
good blood supply

26
Q

how are the villi adapted

A

they increase the surface area
single layer of surface cells
good blood supply

27
Q

how are the leaves adapted

A

they have stomata.
flattened shape of the leaf increases the surface area

28
Q

how are gills adapted

A

gill fillaments increase the surface area
lamallae increase the surface area
lots of blood capilliaries to speed up diffusion
thin surface layer of cells

29
Q

what makes a good exchange surface

A

large surface area
thin membrane for a short diffusion path
efficient blood supply
being ventillated

30
Q

define osmosis

A

the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permable membrane

31
Q

what is active transport

A

moving substances from a dilite solution to a concentrated one, against the concentration gradient

32
Q

what does active transport allow

A

mineral ions to be abosrbed into plant root hairs
sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut to the blood

Biology (5 decks)

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