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Biology! > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the nucleus’s function?

A

Contains genetic material which controls cell activity.

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2
Q

What’s the cytoplasm’s function?

A

Most chemical reactions take place here. These are controlled by enzymes.

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3
Q

What’s the cell membrane’s function?

A

Controls the movement of substances to and from the cell.

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4
Q

What’s the mitochondria’s function?

A

Release energy (most from respiration).

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5
Q

What’s the ribosomes’s function?

A

To do protein synthesis.

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6
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell contain?

A

23 PAIRS.

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7
Q

What does a chromosome carry?

A

Genetic material (genes).

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8
Q

What does a nucleus contain?

A

DNA in the form of X and Y chromosomes.

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9
Q

What do genes control?

A

A characteristic or feature.

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short strand of DNA.

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11
Q

What does DNA form?

A

A double helix.

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12
Q

What are different versions of the same gene called?

A

Alleles.

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13
Q

Order in size of a cell’s genetic order:

A

cell’s nucleus> X and Y chromosomes> Genes >DNA> double helix> base pairs> triplets.

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14
Q

How do you get a triplet?

A

A sequence of three base pairs.

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15
Q

What does a triplet do?

A

A triplet codes for one amino acid.

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16
Q

What do amino acids do?

A

A strand of sequenced amino acids make a specific protein.

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17
Q

What are the complementary base pairs?

A

A-T and C-G.

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18
Q

What is meant by complementary base pairs?

A

when two un-joined bases join together with their missing puzzle piece. Only two sets of complementary base pairs : A-T AND C-G.

19
Q

What’s the sequence of DNA replication?

A

1) Double strand ‘unzips’. 2) Free bases join to EXPOSED bases. 3)=complementary base pairs 4)2x new IDENTICAL strands are formed.

20
Q

State 2x reasons why you need to make proteins in your cells:

A

1) Reproduction/cloning/cell division 2)Regrowth in the cell

21
Q

Describe how DNA carries the genetic code:

A

DNA carries the genetic code in the double helix which is made out of phosphate (the backbone). In-between the back bone there are the base pairs which code (a triplet) for amino acids which in turn code ( in a sequence) for a particular protein.

22
Q

Explain how cell activity is controlled by the genetic code:

A

The genetic code is instructions for the cell: Base pairs in threes (a triplet) make a particular amino acid and then in turn the amino acids are sequenced for a particular protein for a particular function.

23
Q

Why is the shape of a protein molecule important?

A

The protein eg: enzyme has to fit the substrate exactly to for fill it’s function of a biological catalyst to a chemical reaction (a catalase). The reaction is the binding

24
Q

What is the active site?

A

Active site: The stage when the enzyme joins on to the substrate to catalyse the reaction.

25
Q

What are the uses of proteins?x4

A

1) Hormones eg;insulin 2)Carrier molecules eg; haemoglobin 3)structural proteins eg;collagen 4)enzymes eg; Amylase

26
Q

Biological catalysts are…? What do they do? Also how can you enhance their performance?

A

Enzymes. They speed up the chemical reaction (r of r) without being used up. You can increase the temperature but not too high otherwise the enzymes will become denatured and change their shape so they wouldn’t fit the substrate.

27
Q

Chemical reactions are…?

A

The splitting or joining of a substrate.

28
Q

The substrate has to…?

A

Fit into the active site of the enzyme.

29
Q

Explain the ‘lock and key’ theory:

A

‘lock and key’ theory is that the specific enzyme has to receive the ‘key’ which is the substrate to catalyse the reaction.

30
Q

What does increasing the temperature do for the enzymes?

A

1) At first an increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction because the enzymes and the substrates have more k.e. which lowers the collision rate.

31
Q

What’s the Q10 calculation?

A

rate at highest temp/rate at lowest temp

32
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the genetic code/DNA

33
Q

What could happen if a mutation occurred in an unborn child?

A

1)Develop abnormally 2)Die

34
Q

How do you get cancer?

A

When mutant cells reproduce uncontrollably =tumor

35
Q

What’s a neutral mutation?

A

1)Tongue rolling 2)Ear lobes

36
Q

What can cause mutations?

A

1) Ionising radiation eg: exposure to lots of radiation. 2) Exposure to harmful chemicals eg: Cigarettes. Carcinogen- if produces cancer. Mutagen- if produces mutations.

37
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?+ equation

A

Anaerobic respiration is when oxygen from the lungs is transported the cells by ATP(CONTROLLED BY ENZYMES)muscle’s mitochondria where the chemical reaction of respiration happens. glucose → lactic acid (+ energy released)

38
Q

What’s rate of reaction affected by?

A

Because ATP is controlled by enzymes the rate of reaction is affected by pH and temperature(denaturing changes shape of enzymes so the become obsolete from their previous function).

39
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?+equation

A

Anaerobic respiration doesn’t use oxygen because there isn’t enough oxygen to go around your body. Glucose→lactic acid+energy Lactic acid causes cramps and fatigue in muscles as it builds up.

40
Q

What’s the respiratory quotient?

A

amount CO2 produced RQ———————— amount of O2 used

41
Q

How do you clone an adult animal?

A

Eg: Dolly 1)Take one sheep’s cell and remove the nucleus. Leaving the egg cell with no genetic information. 2)Insert another nucleus from a different sheep in the empty cell. This was a diploid nucleus from an udder cell=all genetic information. 3)Electric shock given to the cell to start mitosis division. 4)the dividing cell is now an embryo and implanted in the surrogate sheep.

42
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the splitting of the cell into two identical cells.

43
Q

What’s the process of mitosis?

A

1)Replicate DNA. PROPHASE 2)Coil into double arm chromosomes.METAPHASE 3)line up in the centre of the cell and two arms split to go at opposite ends of the pole/cell. METAPHASE 4) Spindle fibres grab them. ANAPHASE 5)Split and the new cell nuclear membrane is forming.TELOPHASE 6) Cells continue to grow. INTERPHASE

44
Q

What’s the sequence of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase P mati

Biology! (7 decks)

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