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Biology! > B1 again > Flashcards

B1 again Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Healthy:

A

Free of any infection or disease.

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2
Q

Define Fit:

A

How well a person can perform physical tasks.

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3
Q

What are the five ways to test fitness?

A

stamina, speed, agility, flexibility, strength.

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4
Q

What happens to the blood pressure as it nears completion of the circuit?

A

Loses pressure.

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5
Q

What is the pressure like when the heart contracts-name?

A

High pressure called systolic pressure.

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6
Q

What is the pressure like when the heart relaxes-name?

A

Low pressure called diastolic pressure.

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7
Q

What is blood pressure measured in?

A

mm of mercury -mmHg.

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8
Q

What other factors can increase blood pressure?

A

smoking, being overweight, drinking too much alcohol, being under stress for a long period of time.

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9
Q

What health problems does high blood pressure cause?

A

Blood vessels to burst causing strokes, brain damage and kidney damage.

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10
Q

How can high blood pressure be decreased?

A

Change in lifestyle eg: balanced diet.

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11
Q

What health problems does low blood pressure cause?

A

Poor circulation-tissues not getting enough oxygen and food, If brain without enough oxygen and food they will get dizziness and fainting.

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12
Q

How does smoking increase blood pressure?

A

The CARBON MONOXIDE combines with haemoglobin which means that less O2 can be carried to the body.
To compensate for this heart rate has to increase.
The heart contracts more so there is a higher blood pressure.
NICOTINE also increases heart rate.

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13
Q

What can lead to heart disease?why?

A

SATURATED FATS lead to a build up of cholesterol. Cholesterol builds up in the arteries forming PLAQUES which increases blood pressure as the arteries are narrower.
HIGH SALT LEVELS leads to high blood pressure. High blood pressure increases the risk of damage to arteries which can encourage build up of PLAQUES.

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14
Q

How do narrow arteries increase the risk of heart attack?

A 
As the heart muscle is supplied by the coronary arteries, it can receive less oxygen then it needs (due to them being narrower).
A THROMBOSIS ( blood clot) occurs in already narrow arteries, this can block a whole section of the heart off causing a heart attack.
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15
Q

Where are carbohydrates stored? what happens to them there?

A

Stored in the liver as glycerol and converted to fats.

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16
Q

What are fats made up of?Where can they be stored?

A

Fatty acids. Can be stored under the skin as adipose tissue.

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17
Q

What are proteins made up of?Where can they be stored?

A

Amino acids. Can’t be stored anywhere.

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18
Q

Can the body make up essential amino acids?

A

No they have to come from diet.

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19
Q

What are animal and plant proteins called?

A

first class and second class. Animals are called first class because they contain all the essential amino acids-plants don’t.

20
Q

How can you calculate a persons daily protein consumption?

A

EAR= 0.6X body mass

21
Q

What disorders lead to a poor diet?

A

Anorexia and Bulemia.

22
Q

Why is BMI not always reliable?

A

Pregnant women, athletes with heavy muscle, children as they all have different rates of growth.

23
Q

What are diseases caused by?

A

Pathogens.

24
Q

What is malaria?

A

Protozoan- single celled organism which is a parasite carried by the vector: mosquito which then bites and sucks the blood of the soon to be host and then is sick a tiny bit which infects the host with the parasite.

25
Q

How does the immune system cope with pathogens?

A

CONSUMES them: white blood cells engulf the microbes and digest them.
PRODUCING ANTIOXINS: counter the effect of the toxins produced.
PRODUCING ANTIBODIES: the ANTIGENS of the new invading microbe are scanned and then an antibody is produced to lock on and kill the new invader. MEMORY CELLS(white blood cells) stay to remember the specific pathogen this is NATURAL IMMUNITY-ACTIVE IMMUNITY.

26
Q

What is immunisation?

A

When dead pathogen cells are injected into the body. The white blood cells scan the antigens and then they can produce antibodies and memory cells. ACTIVE IMMUNITY.

27
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When another organism passes on the immunity.

28
Q

What’s the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

A

Benign: Where the tumor grows until there is no more room-cells stay where they are so isn’t normally dangerous.
Malignant:Tumor grows and spreads to other sites in the body- dangerous.

29
Q

What are depressant drugs? with example

A

Decrease the activity in the brain which slows down the responses in the nervous system thus poor judgements- Alcohol.

30
Q

What are stimulants?with example

A

Increase the activity in the brain making you feel more alert-Caffeine.

31
Q

What are painkillers?with example

A

Decrease the amount of painful stimuli at nerve endings-Paracetamol.

32
Q

What are performance enhancers?with example

A

Increase the buildup of muscle- Anabolic Steroids.

33
Q

What are hallucinogens?with example

A

Distort what is seen and heard by altering pathways in the brain- LSD.

34
Q

Give Class A, B and C examples.

A

Class A: Heroin LSD Ecstasy cocaine
Class B: Cannabis
Class C: Anabolic Steroids.

35
Q

Why can too much alcohol be poisonous?

A

Toxic products in alcohol can cause the death of some of the liver cells which leads to scar tissue forming thus less blood reaching the liver-CIRRHOSIS. Liver can’t do it’s job so poisonous substances build up in the body.

36
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

refracts light into the eye.

37
Q

What does the iris do?

A

controls amount of light entering the eye.

38
Q

What does the lens do?

A

refracts light, focusing it onto the retina.

39
Q

What does the retina do?

A

light sensitive covered in RODS and CONES(c=colour)

40
Q

What the optic nerve do?

A

sends information to the brain.

41
Q

Order the eye sequence:

A

cornea, iris, lens, retina rods and cones, optic nerve.

42
Q

Define accommodation:

A

changing the shape of the elastic lens to focus.

43
Q

State the stages of distant accommodation:

A

ciliary muscles relax allowing suspensory ligaments to be pulled tighter, Less rounded lens shape so less light is refracted.

44
Q

State the stages of close accommodation:

A

opposite of distant= ciliary muscles contract allowing suspensory ligaments slacken thus the lens is more rounded and refracts more light.

45
Q

What happens when you are long sighted-type of glasses?

A

Can’t focus on near objects -CONVEX lens.

46
Q

What happens when you are short sighted-type of glasses?

A

Can’t focus on faraway objects- CONCAVE lens. -short people live in caves ;)

Biology! (7 decks)

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