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Biology Paper 1 > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Microorganism which causes infectious disease

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogens

A

Fungi, virus, bacteria, protist

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3
Q

How does bacteria make you feel ill

A

Bacteria enters body and reproduces rapidly. They release harmful chemicals called toxins. These attack your cells making us feel ill

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4
Q

How does a virus make you feel ill

A

Pathogen enters host cell. Pathogen multiplies. Cell bursts when virus leaves cell. Virus then moves to other cells

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5
Q

What pathogen are antibiotics prescribes for

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

How are pathogens spread

A

. Air droplets- travel through air as speak or sneeze or cough etc
. Water- drinking contaminated water
. Direct contact- for example sharing needles

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7
Q

How do we reduce the spread of pathogens

A

Hygiene eg washing hands, provide ppl with clean drinking water, use protection during intercourse, isolation, vaccination

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8
Q

What is health

A

A state of physical and mental wellbeing

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9
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

Disease caused by pathogen. Can spread from person to person

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10
Q

What is non communicable disease? Give example

A

Not caused by a pathogen. Can’t spread from person to person. Eg: cancer

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11
Q

What pathogen causes salmonella? What are the symptoms? How is it spread? How do we reduce spread?

A

Cause by bacteria. Treated with antibiotics but usually goes away on its own. Syptoms: fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea. Occurs when eating poultry like chicken which has bacteria. To prevent, vaccinate all chickens from salmonella

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12
Q

What pathogen causes gonorrhoea? What are the symptoms? How is it spread? How do we reduce spread?

A

. Caused by bacteria
. Syptoms: thick yellow/green discharge, pain when urinating
.is an STD
. How to prevent- use protection during intercourse

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13
Q

What pathogen causes measles? What are the symptoms? How is it spread? How do we reduce spread?

A

. Caused by virus.
. Syptoms: high fever, red skin rash, damage breathing system + brain
. Spread through air droplets
. Prevent- vaccinate

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14
Q

What pathogen causes HIV? What are the symptoms? How is it spread? How do we reduce spread?

A

. Cause by virus
. Symptoms: flue like illness attacks immune system so it becomes hard for body to fight infections or diseases.
. Spread through intercourse and when people shair needles. Need to take anti retro viral drugs
. Prevent- don’t intercourse or shair needle

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15
Q

What kind of disease is malaria

A

Communicable disease

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16
Q

What pathogen causes malaria

A

Protist

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17
Q

How is malaria spread

A

. Infected person bitten by mosquito
. Mosquito carries pathogen. It then bites someone else, infecting them
. Mosquito is a vector- someyhi g that carries pathogen from one person to another

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18
Q

How do we stop the spread of malaria

A

Drain areas of still water since mosquitos breed in them
Spray water with insecticide
Sleep under mosquito net sprayed with insecticide

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19
Q

Explain tobacco mosiac virus

A

. It is a wide spread plant infection
. Affects number of different plants including tomato
. Discolouration of leaf occurs causing a mosiac pattern. This means plant lacks chlorophyll so a lack of photosynthesis will occur which will stunt plant growth

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20
Q

Explain rose black spots

A

. Wide spread plant infection
. Affects number of different plants
. Purple black spots on leaves. Leaves turn yellow and fall off. This reduces rate of photosynthesis which will stunt plant growth
. Spread though water and wind
. Treatment- spray fungicide to kill fungus. Remove and destroy infected leaves

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21
Q

What is the job of a non specific defence system

A

Prevent pathogens from entering human body

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22
Q

How does the skin protect from pathogens

A

. Tough dry dead outer layer
. Skin acts as a barrier
. Sebum/oil repels pathogens
. Scabs firm over cuts acting as a barrier

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23
Q

How does the eyes protect from pathogens

A

Produce tears containing enzymes which kill bacteria. Tears are antiseptic

24
Q

How does the breathing system protect from pathogens

A

Trachea/brochi/nose Produce mucus which is sticky so it traps bacteria. It is carried away by the cilia

25
Q

How does the stomach protect from pathogens

A

Contains hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria in food

26
Q

Explain what occurs in phagocytosis

A

. White blood cells detect pathogens
. Blood cell moves to the pathogen and engulfs it and destroys it with enzymes it made

27
Q

How do antibodies destroy pathogens

A

Have a complimentary shape to the antigens on the pathogen. It laches onto the antigens and destroys the bacteria

28
Q

How do antitoxins work

A

They neutralise toxins produced by the pathogen.

29
Q

What is vaccination

A

A small quantity of a dead or weak end form of a pathogen is injected into the body

30
Q

How do vaccinations work

A

Dead/weakend form of pathogen is injected into the body and is detected my white blood cells. The white blood cells begin to multiply to engulf and destroy any pathogens. These white blood cells stay in body for a long time. Memory cells remember the antibody so if a person is ever reinfected, they are made faster

31
Q

What is meant by herd immunity

A

Vaccinating a large amount of people so that less get infected and also to protect hose who ate not vaccinated since some ppl don’t get vaccinated due to missed appointments, new country

32
Q

What are painkiller used for

A

Relieve syptoms of illness

33
Q

How do antibiotics work

A

They block vital processes in bacteria. They kill bacteria or stop it from spreading which helps the bodies natural imune system to fight it off. This only works for bacteria

34
Q

Why can’t antibiotics be used to kill a virus

A

Virus are surrounded by a protective coat of protien. They don’t have cell walls that can be attacked by antibodies

35
Q

What is meant by antibiotic reistance

A

When antibiotic don’t work because bacteria or fungi developed the ability to defeat drug that was designed to kill them. This may occur because the antibiotics where stopped being taken before all bacteria was killed so the antibiotic will no longer work to kill the pathogen

36
Q

What does the drug digitalis do

A

Treats heart problems. It is comes from fox plants

37
Q

What does the drug aspirn do

A

It is a painkiller. It relieves syptoms of illness. It comes from willow tree

38
Q

What does penecilin do

A

It is an antibiotic. It comes from mould

39
Q

Why do all new drugs need to be trialed and tested

A

. Make sure they art toxic for humans
. So we know if it is effective
. To find the right dosage of drug

40
Q

Describe the process of drug trial testing

A

. Tested on animals/cells/tissue to see if it is toxic
. Tested on human volenteers who are healthy to see if it is safe for human. Done in very low doss to see side effect
. Tested on volenteer patient to see if it is effective and to find optimal dose. Double blinded trial is done to prevent bias

41
Q

What is a placebo

A

A fake drug that looks like the real drug used in double blinded trial to see if patients get better or if it because they think they are being treated

42
Q

Why do we use a placebo

A

to see if patients get better or if it because they think they are being treated

43
Q

What is a double blinded trial

A

Group of people either given real drug or placebo. People and doctor both do not know who gets real drug and who gets fake drug

44
Q

Why is a double blinded trial important

A

To see if a person is only getting better because they think they are getting better and to see if drug is actually effective

45
Q

Scientists can trigger lymphocytes to produce monoclonal antibodies. What are these antibodies used in?

A

Pregnancy tests, cancer treatments

46
Q

Explain how monoclonal antibodies are produced

A

. Inject mouse with an antigen. Lymphocytes will produce antibodies that fight against the antigens.
. Collect the lymphocytes from the mouse and combine then with a tumour cell. Tumour cells are very good at dividing by mitosis.
. They combined tumour cell and lymphocytes produce a hybridoma cell.
. The hybridoma cell can produce antibodies and divide by mitosis.
. We then select a single hybridoma cell that produces the antibodies that we want.
. We then allow this hybridoma cell to divide by mitosis to form clone of the identical hybridoma cell.
The antibodies produced by the hybridoma cell are collected. These are all identical. We call these monoclonal antibodies because they all come from a single clone of hybridoma cell.
. A large amount of these monoclonal antibodies are collected and purified

47
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies use in pregnancy tests?

A

They are used to detect a specific hormone. This hormone is produced by the placenta of the developing foetus.
Advantages- cheap and easy to use, highly accurate if used correctly

48
Q

What are some uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

. Measure level of hormones in the blood- if a person is tired and lacks energy, it’s can be due to low hormone level
. Detect pathogens in blood like viruses
. Locate and identify specific molecules in cells and tissue- monoclonal antibody attached to fluorescent dye. The antibodies stick to certain molecules in the cell, allowing us to see their location

49
Q

what are some problems with monoclonal antibodies

A

In certain drug trails using monoclonal antibodies, they have been found to produce very harmful side effects so there are very few in use now

50
Q

Plants can be effected by insects such as aphids. How do they do this?

A

Extract nutrients such as sugars from the plant, stunting its growth

51
Q

How to we defect if a plant has a disease?

A

. Aphids
. Spots on leaves
. Discolouration
. Stunted growth
. Decay
. Growths
. Malformed stems or leaves

52
Q

How do we identify plant disease?

A

We can use a garden manual or website
We can take infected plant to a lab and identify its pathogen

53
Q

What are the 3 main defence mechanisms plants use

A

Physical responses, chemical responses, mechanical responses

54
Q

What are the physical responses plants use

A

. All plant cells have a cell wall which makes it difficult for microorganisms like bacteria to penetrate
. Leaves covered in thin oily layer called waxi cuticle with makes it difficult for microorganisms to penetrate which prevent attack
. Bark- dead layer around stem

55
Q

what are the chemical responses pants use

A

. Release antibacterial chemicals which kills bacteria and prevent them from attacking the plant
. Plants can also release poisons to deter herbivores from grazing on the plant

56
Q

What are the mechanical responses plants use?

A

. Sharp thorns directly protect plant from predators
. Hairs which irritate mouth of predator, making it harder to eat
. Special leaves with droop or curl when touched to scare predators
. Mimicry- mimic look of other plants that are more dangerous to avoid predators

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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