B1 Flashcards
Lable parts of bacteria cell
Plasmids, flagella, cytoplasm, cell wall, ribosomes, cellmembrane, single long strand of dna
Lable yeast cell
Mitochondria, cell membrane, nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribesome
What is function of nucleus
Contains DNA. Controls activity of the cell
What is cytoplasm function
Where chemical reactions occur
What does cell membrane do
Control what goes in and out of the cell
What does mitochondria do
Sight of respiration. Where energy is released from
What does ribosomes do
Where protein synthesis occurs
What does cell wall do
Keeps cell turgid. Made out of cellulose
What does chloroplasts do
Contains cholorphyl which Absorb sunlight for photosynthesis
What does vacuole do
Contains cell sap. Keeps cell turgid
What are the 3 main differences between animal cell and plant cell
Plant dell have vacuole, animal doesn’t, plant cell have chloroplast animal doesn’t, plant cell has cell wall, animal doesnt
What is magnification
How big/ zoomed in a picture is
What is resolution
Ability to distinguish between 2 points, how clear something is
Name 2 types of microscopes
Electron, light
What is the equation for magnification?
Magnification= image(printed on paper) dividied by actual size
How do you convert mm into ym
Times by 1000
What does coarse focusing wheel do
Roughly focus cells by moving stage up and down
What does fine focusing wheel do
Makes cells resolution higher
What does objective lense do
Contolls magnification of cells
What is a specialised cell
A cells that has an adaptation that helps them to carry out its particular function
What are the parts of sperm cell anfehst is it’s function
Contains enzymes in head to help break into egg, nucleus in head, mitochondria provide energy, tail help pswim to egg
Lable parts of muscle cell and mention its function
Cytoplasm, mitochondria help contract and relax of muscles, cell membrane, protein fibres which change size to help muscles contract since they strech
Function: contract and relax
Lable root hair cell and mention its function
Nucleus, vacuole, cell wall, cellmembrane, root hair give large surface area. Does Co twin chloroplast coz it doesn’t need it
Function: Absorb water and ion nutrients from the soil
Lable parts of xylem
Hollow and made of dead cells to let water pa’s through, thick wall contains lignin, one way flow of sap, no end walls between, transpiration- water lost from leaves through fragments
Function: transport water up the plant
LAble parts of phloem name function
Thin walls made of cellulose, made of living cells, supported by companion. Cells, seive plates allow sugar and amino acids move up and down
Function: transport food and dispvles sugars up and down the plant
As organism develops, cells differentiate into different types of cells. When can an animal cell differentiate?
Ability to differentiate is then lost at an early stage after becoming specialised
In mature animals, cell devision is mainly restricted to 2 things. What are they?
Reparing cells and replacing cells
How many chromosomes in body cell
46
How many chromosomes in sex cell
23
What is a haploid
Half number of cell eg: egg and sperm cell
What is a diploid
Full amount chromosomes eg: body cell
Why is cell devision by mitosis important
- growth and development eg: multicellular organsims
- repair and replacement of cells
- asexual reproduction
What is a stem cell?
An undifferentiated cell that has the ability to become specialised
What are 3 types of stem cells
Adult, embryonic, plant
What is the function of embryonic stem cell
Differentiate into any specialised stem cell
What is function of adult stem cell
Differentiate into red blood cells white blood cells and platelet blood cells
And is the function of plant cells
Differentiate into any specialised plant cell
What 2 conditions can stem cells help with
Diabetes, paralysis
In therapeutic cloning, an bryo is produced with the same genes as the patient. Name advantages and disadvantages of this
Advantage:
. clone tissue/organ/flesh
. many cells produced
. cure disiease/contition
. reduce waiting time for organ transplant
. can be used for research
. unlikely be rejected by patient
Disadvantages: shortage of donor
. kills life
. don’t know risks and side effects of procedure
. poor success rate
. may transfer viral infection
Advantages and disadvantages for using stem cells in plants
Advantages: clone crops- cheaper and easier, clone rare species of plants so they do not go extinct, crop plants with special features such as disease resistant
How are surfaces addaptef for effecient gas exchange
Large surgace area, thin wall for short diffusion path way, good blood supply for maintaining concentration gradient
How does gas exchange occur in the lungs
- there is a high concentration gradient of oxygen in the alvioli. Low concentration of ogygens in red blood cells. Ogygens diffuses from alvioli into the RBC.
*high concentration carbon dioxide in RBC, low concentration in alvioli. Carbon dioxide diffuses from RBC to alvioli.
Addaptations: lots of alvioli, large surface area, good blood suply
What occurs in small intestine
Nutrients that were broken down by enzyme in the small intestine are absorbed into the bloodstream.
Adaptation: villi/micro villi for large surgace area, thin walls, good blood suply
Explain process do how gass diffuses in and out of leaves
*high concentration of carbon dioxide outside leaf. Low conectraion of carbon dioxide in the leaf. Carbon dioxide diffuses from outside to inside leaf
*high concentration oxygen in leaf. Low concentration outside leaf. Oxygen diffuse from inside to outside
*adaptaions: flatshape- large surface area, stomata open and close contolled by guard cells which control gass exchange
How diffusion of gasses occur in fish gills
There is oxygen in water. High conectration oxygen in water. Low concentration in fish blood. Oxyege diffuse from water to fish blood through gills.
High conectration carbon dioxide in fish blood. Low concentration in water. Go from fish to water.
Addaptations: gills have Gill filememt which have lamaliea which increase surface area. Thin wall. Good blood supply. Water go in one direction blod go in the other direction maintaining concentration gradient
What is osmosis
Water molecules go from area of high concentration to area of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane
Difine active transport. What is needed for it.
Particles move from area of low concentration to area of high concentration. Energy is required for this
How do you set up a microscope?
. Put slide on stage and secure with clips
. Turn objective lense to the lowest power (x4) because it gives the biggest field of view
. Turn the course focusing wheel to focus the cells roughly
. Turn the fine focusing wheel to bring cells into clear focus
. Change objective lense to higher power like x10 or x40
How do you prepare an onion slide
. Put one drop of water on a microscope slide
. Peel of thin layer of epidermis tissue from inner surface of the onion using tweezers
. Put this thin layer onto the drop of water onto the slide
. Put one or two drops of iodine solution onto the onion tissue
. Carefully lower coverslip onto slide, using a mounting needle to prevent air bubbles
Explain bacterial division
. Bacteria are prkaryote so there DNA are not enclosed in a nuclues
. Bacteria multilpys by simple cell division
. One bacterial cell divides into 2 bacteria cells (binary fission)
. Bacteria carry out binary fission every 20 minutes as long as they have enough nutrients and temuratures ae sustainable
