B3 Flashcards
Explain how to prevent the spread of an epidemic such as swine flu
Get vaccinated- immunity- herd immunity
Measles>Type of pathogen
Virus- can be controlled
How is measles spread
Droplet infection- coughing and sneezing
Symptoms of measles
Fever, rash
Hoe measles can be prevented
Controlled through MMR vaccine
What type of pathogen is HIV
Virus- can be controlled
Symptoms of HIV
Flu like symptoms
How is HIV transmitted
Sexually, blood
(Bodily fluids) (needles)
How is HIV controlled
Safe sex- contraception- barrier method
Antiretroviral drugs
What type of pathogen causes TMV
Virus- can be co trolled
Symptoms of TMV
Leaves become discoloured and reduce photosynthesis
How is TMV spread
Via wound in skin of plant
How can TMV be controlled
Sterilising plant tools, removing infected plant
What type of pathogen causes malaria
Protist- can be prevented
Symptoms of malaria
Fever headache- ‘reacccuring episode’ can be fatal
How is malaria spread
Transmitted from vectors (mosquitos) suck infected blood and pass it onto a new host
How can you prevent malaria
Mosquito repellant
Mosquito net
Prevent breeding
Avoid being bitten
How does Rose Black spot affect photosynthesis
Reduce volume of chlorophyll within leaf of plant,
- leads to lack of photosynthesis- less chlorophyll to absorb therefore lack of plant growth
What type of pathogen causes salmonella
Bacterial- can be treated/prevented
Symptoms of salmonella
Food poisoning
Fever
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea
How is salmonella spread
Unhygienic surfaces
Bacteria ingested food
How can salmonella be prevented
Washing hands
Wipe surfaces
Poultry vaccination
Food properly cooked
What type of pathogen causes gonorrhoea
Bacterial
Symptoms of gonorrhoea
Sexually transmitted disease, yellow or green discharge from Penis/vagina, pain urinating
What causes gonorrhoea
Caused by bacterium
Sexually transmitted
How can gonorrhoea be prevented
Barrier method of contraception- condoms
What type of pathogen causes tose black spot
Fungul disease- can be treated/prevented
Symptoms of rose black spot
Reduce growth of plant, black purple spots, surfaces turn yellow and drop off
How is Rose black spot spread
Fungus, water, Wind, touch- includes gardening tools
How is Rose black spots treated/ prevented
Spraying fungicides, sterilising tools, infected leaves to be stripped off
Define health
Physical and mental wellbeing
What is a pathogen
Microorganism that causes disease
What is a communicable disease
Infectious disease, can easily be spread
What is noncommunicable disease
Cannot be passed from person to person, inherited etc
What is a vector
An organism that can cause disease without getting infected themselves
Evaluate meanning
Advantages and disadvantages
Efficacy meanning
Efficiency of something
What is disease
Disorders that affect part or all of an organism
Ways to prevent spread of disease
-being hygienic- washing your hands
- destroying vectors- prevent disease from being passed on- do this by destroying habitats so no longer breed
-isolating infected individuals with communicable disease- prevents from passing on
-vaccination- can’t develop or pass on infections
Factors that affect mental and physical health
-Good balanced diet-provides body with everything in right amount
-stress you ate under-constant can lead to health issues
-life situations- being able to afford/access medicines, to prevent disease in first place
Ways disease can be spread
-water-bathing/drinking dirty water
-air-pathogens can be carried in air and be breathed in airborne pathogens in droplets when you cough or sneeze
-direct contact- touching contaminated surfaces including skin
4 types of pathogens
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protest
How to bacteria make you feel ill
Producing toxins and damaging cells and tissues
How to virus make you feel ill
Live in cells, produce rapidly and replace themselves using cells machinery
- produce many copies and cause cells lysis- damage of cells can make you feel ill
How to fungi make you feel ill
Can grow and penetrate human skin and on surface of plants causing disease
How to protist make you feel ill
Live on or inside cells and cause damage to them often transferred to organism via vector
Painkillers vs antibiotics
Painkillers only treat symptoms whereas antibiotics kill pathogens
Explain use of antibiotics
Kill pathogens however when you don’t finish full course the strong viruses remaining will produce and become resistant against antibodies
Bacteria can mutate and become resistant
Define herd immunity
When most of population is vaccinated against serious disease which can reduce chance of people encountering that specific pathogen again
Advantages of herd immunity
Spread of contagious disease is contained and less people are becoming ill/dying
How do vaccines work
Inject small amount of dead/inactive pathogens- these carry antigens which cause your body to produce antibodies to attack them eventhough pathogen is harmless- dead
What are antibiotics
Kill pathogens
What are painkillers
Treat symptoms
What are antivirals
Fights against virus and inhibits their growth
Define how body prevents pathogen from entering body
Skin acts as barrier
Hairs and mucus in nose trap particles
Trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens- also have cilia which move backwards and forwards to transport mucus to throat
Stomach contains HCL to kill pathogens that enter via mouth
Describe how immune system tackles pathogens once they are inside body
1] injesting pathogens
2] producing antibodies
3] producing antitoxins
WBC METHOD OF ATTACK
Benefits and drawbacks of antibiotics
-will kill bacteria causing problem
-do not work on viruses- because they live inside body cells
6 stages of drug testing
- Computer stimulation-drug react with target?
- Testing on cell cultures and tissues- is it toxic?
- Animal testing- what dose might be effective?
- Trials on healthy people- does drug cause side effects in low doses?
- Small trials on patients- if drug treats people with disease and is it safe to use on people?
- Large scale clinical trial- what optimum dose is effective on wide range of different people? Old, young, obese, diabetic etc.
When can herd immunity be lost
When new generations don’t get vaccinated and come in contact with pathogens and pass on infection to others
What do rbc do
Carey oxygen
What do wbc do
Fights off disease
IV DV CV when measuring susceptibility of bacteria towards antibiotic
IV= change types of antibiotics
DV= Zone of inhibition
CV= disc with water
What is phagocytosis
WBC engulf microorganisms, produce antibodies, antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by microorganism
What is immunising
Make a person or animal susceptible to disease
What is phagocytosis
Process by which WBC leaves capillaries to attack pathogen
What is a lymphocyte
Releases antitoxins to neutralise toxins
Name plant drugs
Digitalis
Aspirin
Penicillin
Where is digitalis found and what does it treat
Ingredient found in foxgloves (plant) treats heart arrhythmia
Where is asprin found and what does it treat
Willow tree, painkiller
Where is penicillin found and what does it treat
Penicillium mould, bacterial diseases
What is clinical testing
Drug is tested on healthy human volunteers in clinical trials, starts on low dose then increase to optimum when testing on people with illness
What is a placebo
Substance that is like the drug but doesn’t do anything
What is the placebo effect
When patient thinks the treatment will work eventhough treatment isn’t doing anything
What is a blind trial
When patient does not know whether they are getting the drug or placebo
