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C1 > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain how to prevent the spread of an epidemic such as swine flu

A

Get vaccinated- immunity- herd immunity

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2
Q

Measles>Type of pathogen

A

Virus- can be controlled

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3
Q

How is measles spread

A

Droplet infection- coughing and sneezing

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4
Q

Symptoms of measles

A

Fever, rash

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5
Q

Hoe measles can be prevented

A

Controlled through MMR vaccine

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6
Q

What type of pathogen is HIV

A

Virus- can be controlled

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7
Q

Symptoms of HIV

A

Flu like symptoms

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8
Q

How is HIV transmitted

A

Sexually, blood
(Bodily fluids) (needles)

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9
Q

How is HIV controlled

A

Safe sex- contraception- barrier method
Antiretroviral drugs

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10
Q

What type of pathogen causes TMV

A

Virus- can be co trolled

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11
Q

Symptoms of TMV

A

Leaves become discoloured and reduce photosynthesis

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12
Q

How is TMV spread

A

Via wound in skin of plant

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13
Q

How can TMV be controlled

A

Sterilising plant tools, removing infected plant

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14
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria

A

Protist- can be prevented

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15
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

Fever headache- ‘reacccuring episode’ can be fatal

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16
Q

How is malaria spread

A

Transmitted from vectors (mosquitos) suck infected blood and pass it onto a new host

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17
Q

How can you prevent malaria

A

Mosquito repellant
Mosquito net
Prevent breeding
Avoid being bitten

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18
Q

How does Rose Black spot affect photosynthesis

A

Reduce volume of chlorophyll within leaf of plant,
- leads to lack of photosynthesis- less chlorophyll to absorb therefore lack of plant growth

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19
Q

What type of pathogen causes salmonella

A

Bacterial- can be treated/prevented

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20
Q

Symptoms of salmonella

A

Food poisoning
Fever
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea

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21
Q

How is salmonella spread

A

Unhygienic surfaces
Bacteria ingested food

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22
Q

How can salmonella be prevented

A

Washing hands
Wipe surfaces
Poultry vaccination
Food properly cooked

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23
Q

What type of pathogen causes gonorrhoea

A

Bacterial

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24
Q

Symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

Sexually transmitted disease, yellow or green discharge from Penis/vagina, pain urinating

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25
Q

What causes gonorrhoea

A

Caused by bacterium
Sexually transmitted

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26
Q

How can gonorrhoea be prevented

A

Barrier method of contraception- condoms

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27
Q

What type of pathogen causes tose black spot

A

Fungul disease- can be treated/prevented

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28
Q

Symptoms of rose black spot

A

Reduce growth of plant, black purple spots, surfaces turn yellow and drop off

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29
Q

How is Rose black spot spread

A

Fungus, water, Wind, touch- includes gardening tools

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30
Q

How is Rose black spots treated/ prevented

A

Spraying fungicides, sterilising tools, infected leaves to be stripped off

31
Q

Define health

A

Physical and mental wellbeing

32
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Microorganism that causes disease

33
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

Infectious disease, can easily be spread

34
Q

What is noncommunicable disease

A

Cannot be passed from person to person, inherited etc

35
Q

What is a vector

A

An organism that can cause disease without getting infected themselves

36
Q

Evaluate meanning

A

Advantages and disadvantages

37
Q

Efficacy meanning

A

Efficiency of something

38
Q

What is disease

A

Disorders that affect part or all of an organism

39
Q

Ways to prevent spread of disease

A

-being hygienic- washing your hands
- destroying vectors- prevent disease from being passed on- do this by destroying habitats so no longer breed
-isolating infected individuals with communicable disease- prevents from passing on
-vaccination- can’t develop or pass on infections

40
Q

Factors that affect mental and physical health

A

-Good balanced diet-provides body with everything in right amount
-stress you ate under-constant can lead to health issues
-life situations- being able to afford/access medicines, to prevent disease in first place

41
Q

Ways disease can be spread

A

-water-bathing/drinking dirty water
-air-pathogens can be carried in air and be breathed in airborne pathogens in droplets when you cough or sneeze
-direct contact- touching contaminated surfaces including skin

42
Q

4 types of pathogens

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protest

43
Q

How to bacteria make you feel ill

A

Producing toxins and damaging cells and tissues

44
Q

How to virus make you feel ill

A

Live in cells, produce rapidly and replace themselves using cells machinery
- produce many copies and cause cells lysis- damage of cells can make you feel ill

45
Q

How to fungi make you feel ill

A

Can grow and penetrate human skin and on surface of plants causing disease

46
Q

How to protist make you feel ill

A

Live on or inside cells and cause damage to them often transferred to organism via vector

47
Q

Painkillers vs antibiotics

A

Painkillers only treat symptoms whereas antibiotics kill pathogens

48
Q

Explain use of antibiotics

A

Kill pathogens however when you don’t finish full course the strong viruses remaining will produce and become resistant against antibodies
Bacteria can mutate and become resistant

49
Q

Define herd immunity

A

When most of population is vaccinated against serious disease which can reduce chance of people encountering that specific pathogen again

50
Q

Advantages of herd immunity

A

Spread of contagious disease is contained and less people are becoming ill/dying

51
Q

How do vaccines work

A

Inject small amount of dead/inactive pathogens- these carry antigens which cause your body to produce antibodies to attack them eventhough pathogen is harmless- dead

52
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Kill pathogens

53
Q

What are painkillers

A

Treat symptoms

54
Q

What are antivirals

A

Fights against virus and inhibits their growth

55
Q

Define how body prevents pathogen from entering body

A

Skin acts as barrier
Hairs and mucus in nose trap particles
Trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens- also have cilia which move backwards and forwards to transport mucus to throat
Stomach contains HCL to kill pathogens that enter via mouth

56
Q

Describe how immune system tackles pathogens once they are inside body

A

1] injesting pathogens
2] producing antibodies
3] producing antitoxins
WBC METHOD OF ATTACK

57
Q

Benefits and drawbacks of antibiotics

A

-will kill bacteria causing problem
-do not work on viruses- because they live inside body cells

58
Q

6 stages of drug testing

A
  1. Computer stimulation-drug react with target?
  2. Testing on cell cultures and tissues- is it toxic?
  3. Animal testing- what dose might be effective?
  4. Trials on healthy people- does drug cause side effects in low doses?
  5. Small trials on patients- if drug treats people with disease and is it safe to use on people?
  6. Large scale clinical trial- what optimum dose is effective on wide range of different people? Old, young, obese, diabetic etc.
59
Q

When can herd immunity be lost

A

When new generations don’t get vaccinated and come in contact with pathogens and pass on infection to others

60
Q

What do rbc do

A

Carey oxygen

61
Q

What do wbc do

A

Fights off disease

62
Q

IV DV CV when measuring susceptibility of bacteria towards antibiotic

A

IV= change types of antibiotics
DV= Zone of inhibition
CV= disc with water

63
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

WBC engulf microorganisms, produce antibodies, antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by microorganism

64
Q

What is immunising

A

Make a person or animal susceptible to disease

65
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Process by which WBC leaves capillaries to attack pathogen

66
Q

What is a lymphocyte

A

Releases antitoxins to neutralise toxins

67
Q

Name plant drugs

A

Digitalis
Aspirin
Penicillin

68
Q

Where is digitalis found and what does it treat

A

Ingredient found in foxgloves (plant) treats heart arrhythmia

69
Q

Where is asprin found and what does it treat

A

Willow tree, painkiller

70
Q

Where is penicillin found and what does it treat

A

Penicillium mould, bacterial diseases

71
Q

What is clinical testing

A

Drug is tested on healthy human volunteers in clinical trials, starts on low dose then increase to optimum when testing on people with illness

72
Q

What is a placebo

A

Substance that is like the drug but doesn’t do anything

73
Q

What is the placebo effect

A

When patient thinks the treatment will work eventhough treatment isn’t doing anything

74
Q

What is a blind trial

A

When patient does not know whether they are getting the drug or placebo

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