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B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain how to prevent the spread of an epidemic such as swine flu

A

Get vaccinated- immunity- herd immunity

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2
Q

Measles>Type of pathogen

A

Virus- can be controlled

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3
Q

How is measles spread

A

Droplet infection- coughing and sneezing

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4
Q

Symptoms of measles

A

Fever, rash

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5
Q

Hoe measles can be prevented

A

Controlled through MMR vaccine

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6
Q

What type of pathogen is HIV

A

Virus- can be controlled

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7
Q

Symptoms of HIV

A

Flu like symptoms

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8
Q

How is HIV transmitted

A

Sexually, blood
(Bodily fluids) (needles)

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9
Q

How is HIV controlled

A

Safe sex- contraception- barrier method
Antiretroviral drugs

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10
Q

What type of pathogen causes TMV

A

Virus- can be co trolled

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11
Q

Symptoms of TMV

A

Leaves become discoloured and reduce photosynthesis

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12
Q

How is TMV spread

A

Via wound in skin of plant

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13
Q

How can TMV be controlled

A

Sterilising plant tools, removing infected plant

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14
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria

A

Protist- can be prevented

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15
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

Fever headache- ‘reacccuring episode’ can be fatal

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16
Q

How is malaria spread

A

Transmitted from vectors (mosquitos) suck infected blood and pass it onto a new host

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17
Q

How can you prevent malaria

A

Mosquito repellant
Mosquito net
Prevent breeding
Avoid being bitten

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18
Q

How does Rose Black spot affect photosynthesis

A

Reduce volume of chlorophyll within leaf of plant,
- leads to lack of photosynthesis- less chlorophyll to absorb therefore lack of plant growth

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19
Q

What type of pathogen causes salmonella

A

Bacterial- can be treated/prevented

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20
Q

Symptoms of salmonella

A

Food poisoning
Fever
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea

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21
Q

How is salmonella spread

A

Unhygienic surfaces
Bacteria ingested food

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22
Q

How can salmonella be prevented

A

Washing hands
Wipe surfaces
Poultry vaccination
Food properly cooked

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23
Q

What type of pathogen causes gonorrhoea

A

Bacterial

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24
Q

Symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

Sexually transmitted disease, yellow or green discharge from Penis/vagina, pain urinating

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25
What causes gonorrhoea
Caused by bacterium Sexually transmitted
26
How can gonorrhoea be prevented
Barrier method of contraception- condoms
27
What type of pathogen causes tose black spot
Fungul disease- can be treated/prevented
28
Symptoms of rose black spot
Reduce growth of plant, black purple spots, surfaces turn yellow and drop off
29
How is Rose black spot spread
Fungus, water, Wind, touch- includes gardening tools
30
How is Rose black spots treated/ prevented
Spraying fungicides, sterilising tools, infected leaves to be stripped off
31
Define health
Physical and mental wellbeing
32
What is a pathogen
Microorganism that causes disease
33
What is a communicable disease
Infectious disease, can easily be spread
34
What is noncommunicable disease
Cannot be passed from person to person, inherited etc
35
What is a vector
An organism that can cause disease without getting infected themselves
36
Evaluate meanning
Advantages and disadvantages
37
Efficacy meanning
Efficiency of something
38
What is disease
Disorders that affect part or all of an organism
39
Ways to prevent spread of disease
-being hygienic- washing your hands - destroying vectors- prevent disease from being passed on- do this by destroying habitats so no longer breed -isolating infected individuals with communicable disease- prevents from passing on -vaccination- can't develop or pass on infections
40
Factors that affect mental and physical health
-Good balanced diet-provides body with everything in right amount -stress you ate under-constant can lead to health issues -life situations- being able to afford/access medicines, to prevent disease in first place
41
Ways disease can be spread
-water-bathing/drinking dirty water -air-pathogens can be carried in air and be breathed in airborne pathogens in droplets when you cough or sneeze -direct contact- touching contaminated surfaces including skin
42
4 types of pathogens
Bacteria Virus Fungi Protest
43
How to bacteria make you feel ill
Producing toxins and damaging cells and tissues
44
How to virus make you feel ill
Live in cells, produce rapidly and replace themselves using cells machinery - produce many copies and cause cells lysis- damage of cells can make you feel ill
45
How to fungi make you feel ill
Can grow and penetrate human skin and on surface of plants causing disease
46
How to protist make you feel ill
Live on or inside cells and cause damage to them often transferred to organism via vector
47
Painkillers vs antibiotics
Painkillers only treat symptoms whereas antibiotics kill pathogens
48
Explain use of antibiotics
Kill pathogens however when you don't finish full course the strong viruses remaining will produce and become resistant against antibodies Bacteria can mutate and become resistant
49
Define herd immunity
When most of population is vaccinated against serious disease which can reduce chance of people encountering that specific pathogen again
50
Advantages of herd immunity
Spread of contagious disease is contained and less people are becoming ill/dying
51
How do vaccines work
Inject small amount of dead/inactive pathogens- these carry antigens which cause your body to produce antibodies to attack them eventhough pathogen is harmless- dead
52
What are antibiotics
Kill pathogens
53
What are painkillers
Treat symptoms
54
What are antivirals
Fights against virus and inhibits their growth
55
Define how body prevents pathogen from entering body
Skin acts as barrier Hairs and mucus in nose trap particles Trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens- also have cilia which move backwards and forwards to transport mucus to throat Stomach contains HCL to kill pathogens that enter via mouth
56
Describe how immune system tackles pathogens once they are inside body
1] injesting pathogens 2] producing antibodies 3] producing antitoxins WBC METHOD OF ATTACK
57
Benefits and drawbacks of antibiotics
-will kill bacteria causing problem -do not work on viruses- because they live inside body cells
58
6 stages of drug testing
1. Computer stimulation-drug react with target? 2. Testing on cell cultures and tissues- is it toxic? 3. Animal testing- what dose might be effective? 4. Trials on healthy people- does drug cause side effects in low doses? 5. Small trials on patients- if drug treats people with disease and is it safe to use on people? 6. Large scale clinical trial- what optimum dose is effective on wide range of different people? Old, young, obese, diabetic etc.
59
When can herd immunity be lost
When new generations don't get vaccinated and come in contact with pathogens and pass on infection to others
60
What do rbc do
Carey oxygen
61
What do wbc do
Fights off disease
62
IV DV CV when measuring susceptibility of bacteria towards antibiotic
IV= change types of antibiotics DV= Zone of inhibition CV= disc with water
63
What is phagocytosis
WBC engulf microorganisms, produce antibodies, antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by microorganism
64
What is immunising
Make a person or animal susceptible to disease
65
What is phagocytosis
Process by which WBC leaves capillaries to attack pathogen
66
What is a lymphocyte
Releases antitoxins to neutralise toxins
67
Name plant drugs
Digitalis Aspirin Penicillin
68
Where is digitalis found and what does it treat
Ingredient found in foxgloves (plant) treats heart arrhythmia
69
Where is asprin found and what does it treat
Willow tree, painkiller
70
Where is penicillin found and what does it treat
Penicillium mould, bacterial diseases
71
What is clinical testing
Drug is tested on healthy human volunteers in clinical trials, starts on low dose then increase to optimum when testing on people with illness
72
What is a placebo
Substance that is like the drug but doesn't do anything
73
What is the placebo effect
When patient thinks the treatment will work eventhough treatment isn't doing anything
74
What is a blind trial
When patient does not know whether they are getting the drug or placebo

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