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C1 > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does anaerobic respiration mean

A

Without oxygen- incomplete breakdown of glucose making lactic acid

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2
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur

A

When you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles

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3
Q

In anaerobic respiration glucose isn’t…

A

Fully oxidised

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4
Q

Formula for glucose turning into lactic acid

A

C6H12O6→ 2C₃H₆O₃ + 2ATP

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5
Q

What is meant by the term oxygen debt

A

Oxygen has to be repayed
- needed to remove waste build up of lactic acid in cells when oxygen didn’t get to muscles in time

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6
Q

What is bronchus

A

Plural for bronchi - two tubes down from trachea

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7
Q

Define Bronchioles

A

Progressively smaller tubes from bronchus

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8
Q

What is metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in an organism

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9
Q

Explain how lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange. Do not refer your answer to alveoli

A

Lungs are ventilated so that a new supply of air is constantly bought in

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10
Q

Describe how alveoli are adapted for gaseous exchange ( 6 marks)

A
  • folded- increases s.a. (75 m²) let’s a larger volume of gases to be diffused at once
  • thin membrane (walls are one cell thick) speeds up rate of diffusion by decreasing distance over which it occurs- creating short diffusion pathway
  • rich blood supply, surrounded by network of capillaries - takes things from and to exchange surface efficiently

MAXIMISES GAS EXCHANGE RATE

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11
Q

Define thorax

A

Top part of your body separated from lower half by the diaphragm

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12
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen ===== carbon dioxide + water

  • energy is released
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13
Q

What is the formula for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6+ 6O2→ 6CO2+ 6H2O

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14
Q

How are arteries designed for their function (5)
Direction of flow:
Oxygenated or deoxygenated:
Pressure:
Wall structure:
Lumen:

A
  • blood flows away from heart
  • Oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery
  • high pressure
  • thick, elastic, muscular connective tissue for strength
  • narrow Lumen- channel inside vessel
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15
Q

How are veins adapted for their function (5)
Direction of flow:
Oxygenated or deoxygenated:
Pressure:
Wall structure:
Lumen:

A
  • blood flows towards the heart
  • dexygenated except pulmonary vein
  • low (negative) pressure
  • thin, less muscular, less connective tissue
  • wide Lumen with valves
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16
Q

Describe the 3 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries= carry blood away from the heart
Veins= carry the blood to the heart
Capillaries= are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissue

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17
Q

Define cardiac output

A

A measure of the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute

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18
Q

Define stroke volume

A

A measure of the volume of the blood pumped from the heart each contraction (heart beat)

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19
Q

What is the equation of cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate

Q = (cm³/mm)
SV= (cm³/beat)
HR= (bpm)

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20
Q

What does SAN stand for

A

sino- atrial node

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21
Q

What does AVN stand for

A

Atrio- ventricular node

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22
Q

Function of SAN

A

Located near right atrium and stimulates atria to contract

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23
Q

Function of AVN

A

Located between ventricles and stimulates them to contract

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24
Q

What are pacemakers

A

Small group of cells located in muscular walls of heart that produces electrical impulses which stimulate surrounding muscle to contract , squeezing chambres of heart and pumping blood

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25
Q

The rate of the heart beating is very carefully and automatically controlled by…

A

Pacemaker cells within wall of right atrium

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26
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a muscular wall

A

Muscular wall of left ventricle is much thicker so it can pump blood more forcefully out of the heart and around the entire body via aorta

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27
Q

Describe coronary heart disease

A

Coronary arteries that supply blood to muscles of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material build up

Causes arteries to become narrow so blood flow is restricted and there’s a lack of oxygen to heart muscle- can result in heart attack

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28
Q

What is the role of vena cava

A

Transport blood to lower part of body and drain deoxygenated blood to heart

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29
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

Job of red blood cells is to transport/ carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the cells in the body

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30
Q

How are RBC adapted for function

A
  • shape is biconcave disc- gives large surface area for absorption of oxygen and flexibility of fitting into tiny capillaries
  • no nucleus gives them more area to fit haemoglobin in- which binds to oxygen in the lungs and reverse happens in body tissue- breaks up to give oxygen to cells
  • ## contain red pigmented protien called haemoglobin
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31
Q

Formula for oxygen and haemoglobin

A

Oxygen + Haemoglobin=====Oxyhaemoglobin

4O2+ Hb===== Hb4O2

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32
Q

What are the main symptoms of coronary disease

A

Chest pain
Heart attack
Heart failure
- not everyone however suffers same symptoms

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33
Q

What increases chances of getting CHD

A

Lifestyle factors:
- diet
- stress
- smoking

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34
Q

How does diet increase chances of getting CHD

A

A high fat diet (containing a lot of saturated fat) can lead to higher cholesterol levels- these cholesterol form fatty deposits which damage + block arteries

35
Q

How does stress increase chances of getting CHD

A

Stress- prolonged exposure to stress or stressful situations (such as high preassured jobs) can lead to higher blood pressure and an increased risk of heart disease

36
Q

How does smoking lead to increase chances of getting CHD

A

Carbon monoxide reduces volume of oxygen which can be transported by red blood cells, nicotine causes increased heart rate
Lack of oxygen to the heart and increased pressure can lead to heart attacks

37
Q

Define pulse

A

Number of beats the heart performs each minute ( also called heart rate)

38
Q

What does pulse rate indicate

A

Lower resting pulse rate indicates greater level of physical fitness

During exercise+ some time after pulse rate increases while heart is working to provide more oxygen to the muscles

39
Q

Advantages of pacemaker

A

Mimics natural actions- will regulate the heart if beating too slow or too fast

Biventicular pacemaker- works to ensure ventricles +atria are working together
- improves heart pumping efficiency in patients who have had lower heart damage from heart failure

40
Q

Disadvantage of pacemaker

A

Although minor surgical procedure there is risk of infection at surgery location
- you will have a battery operated metal device in your chest that is sensitive to electrical impulses internally and externally- any medical procedures using electromagnetic field can interfere with pacemaker

41
Q

The hearts works as a double pump for…

A

2 circulatory systems: systematic circulation, pulmonary circulation

42
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

Serves the 🫁 and brings deoxygenated blood to exchange waste C0² gas for O² at alveoli

43
Q

What is systematic circulation

A

Serves rest of body- transports oxygen + nutrients from digestion to cells of body whilst carrying waste C0² away from cells
- blood flows through whole body meanning blood is flowing at a much higher pressure than in pulmonary circuit

44
Q

Pulmonary and systematic circulations are both..

A

Circuits

45
Q

What is the word that is plural for atrium

A

Atria

46
Q

Describe function of human heart

A

● Large muscular organ which pumps blood carrying oxygen/ waste products around body- mostly made up of muscle tissue

47
Q

Describe how human heart pumps blood around body

A

● blood flows into the two atria from the vena cava and pulmonary vein
● atria contract pushing blood into ventricles
● ventricles contract forcing blood into pulmonary artery and the aorta and out of the heart
● atria fill again and cycle repeats

48
Q

Why does the heart have valves

A

Make sure blood flows in the right direction and prevent it from flowing backwards

49
Q

Why might valves need replacing

A

♡ Damaged- May cause valve tissue to stiffen (won’t open properly)
♡ Weakened by heart attacks
♡Infection
♡ Old age
♡ may become leaky- blood flows in both directions- meanning it doesn’t circulate as effectively as normal

50
Q

How can severe valve damage be treated

A

By replacing valve, can be taken from humans, other mammals or mechanical

51
Q

Risks of replacing valve

A

Much less drastic than whole heart transplant- however it is still a major surgery and can still cause problems with blood clots

52
Q

What is a stent

A

Mechanical device (tube) inserted inside arteries used to stretch narrow or blocked arteries restoring blood flow- makes sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles- keeps heart beating, patient stays alive

53
Q

Advantages of stent

A

Lowers risk of heart attack in people with CHD
- used for patients where drugs are less effective
- offers long term benefits and quick recovery time
- made from metal alloys so will not be rejected by patients body
- improved quality of life

54
Q

What are disadvantages of stents

A

-Requires surgery under general anaesthetic- carries risk of infection
- risks of complications during heart operation e.g heart attack
- risk of patient developing blood clot near stent- thrombosis

55
Q

Define plasma

A

Pale straw coloured liquid that carries everything in the blood

56
Q

What does plasma carry

A
  • RBC, WBC, platelets
  • nutrients like glucose and amino acids- soluble product of digestion absorbed from gut taken to cells of body
    -Carbon dioxide from organs to blood
  • urea from liver to kidneys
  • hormones
  • proteins
  • anti bodies and anti toxins produced by WBC
57
Q

What is blood

A

Tissue consisting of plasma in which RBC, WBC and platelets are suspended

58
Q

What are artificial pacemakers

A

Electrical device used to correct irregularities in heart rate

59
Q

How is the natural resting heart rate controlled

A

By a group of cells located in the right atrium wall that act as a pacemaker

60
Q

What do statins do

A

Reduce cholesterol in blood

61
Q

What is cholesterol

A

Essential lipid your body produces and needs to function properly
However too much of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) can result in health problems

62
Q

What does LDL cholesterol do

A

Too much in blood stream can cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries- which can lead to CHD

63
Q

What is CHD an abbreviation of

A

Coronary heart disease

64
Q

What is the function of statins

A

Drugs which can reduce amount of bad cholesterol present in blood stream- slows down rate of fatty deposits forming

65
Q

What is a heart transplant

A

Entire organ replaced by one from organ donor

66
Q

Who is an organ donor

A

A person who has died and previously expressed a wish for their organ to be used in a particular way

67
Q

Advantages of heart transplant

A
  • Can treat complete heart failure in person
  • Extended life
  • Improved quality of life
68
Q

What can be used temporarily until heart donor is found

A

Artificial plastic hearts

69
Q

Disadvantage of heart transplant

A
  • requires major surgery under general anesthetic which carries risks
  • lack of donours available
  • risk of infection from transplant
  • risk of transplant rejection
  • long recovery time
70
Q

Why is salline a good substitute of blood

A

When someone loses a lot of blood, heart can still pump remaining blood around body (to get oxygen to organ) - as long as volume of blood can be topped up
- salline can keep patient alive even if ⅔of blood cells are lost
- May give patient enough time to produce new blood cells

71
Q

Disadvantage of salline

A
  • air bubbles may get in salline- dangerous
  • patient may not be able to produce enough RBC so will need blood transfusion
72
Q

What do plants and yeast cells produce instead of lactic acid

A

Ethanol (alcohol)
C02

73
Q

Word equation for anaeobic respiration in plants and yeast cells

A

Glucose === ethanol +carbon dioxide + energy atp

  • known as fermentation
74
Q

Formula for anaeobic respiration in plants and yeast cells

A

C⁶H¹²O⁶⟶2C²H⁵OH + 2CO²+ 2ATP.

75
Q

Why is fermentation of yeast of great value

A

Used to make bread and wine

76
Q

How does fermentation help in bread and wine

A

-CO² from fermentation that makes bread rise
- In beer and wine making its the fermentation process that produces alcohol

77
Q

What is the equation to calculate breathing rate in breaths per minute

A

Number of breaths= number of breaths÷ number of minutes

78
Q

What are coronary arteries

A

Arteries that branch off aorta and supply heart with its own blood supply of Oxygenated blood

79
Q

How heart responds to exercise

A
  • breathing rate increases
    -breath volume increases
  • to get more oxygen into blood
  • heart rate increases
  • to get Oxygenated blood around body faster
  • removes c02 quickly
80
Q

Better to have more blood cells or not

A

More blood cells= more oxygen can get to body cells
- high altitudes= less oxygen so people who live there produce more RBC to compensate

81
Q

How to calculate rate of blood flow

A

Volume of blood ÷number of minutes

82
Q

What is respiration needed for

A

-allow muscles to contract- move around
- mammals+birds= energy used to keep body temperature steady in colder surroundings

83
Q

Capillaries desgined for function

A

One cell thick- increasing rate of diffusion by decreasing distance over which it occurs
Permeable walls

84
Q

How to platelets help blood clot

A
  • small fragments of cells- have no nucleus
    -help body to clot at wound to stop all your blood pouring out and to stop microorganisms getting In
  • lack of platelets can cause excessive bleeding and bruising

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