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C1 > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a differentiated cell

A

When cell becomes specialised and gains a specific function

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2
Q

What’s cell division

A

Cell division- process of splitting parent cell into 2 daughter cells

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3
Q

What’s cell differentiation? (2)

A

Cell acquires different subcellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function

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4
Q

What is eukaryotic cell

A

Genetic material is enclosed within nucleus

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5
Q

What is prokaryotic cell

A

Genetic material not enclosed within nucleus

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6
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells [3marks]

A
  • where genetic info is enclosed/not
  • scale- Pro are much smaller
  • Pro= unicellular
    Eu= multicellular
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7
Q

3 features plant cell has that animal does not

A
  • cell wall
  • chloroplasts
  • permanent vacuole
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8
Q

5 main subcellular structures in animal cell

A
  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
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9
Q

Define cell

A

Basic building blocks of life

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10
Q

Order: organism, cell, organ, organ system, tissue

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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11
Q

Rank in terms of size: Chromosome, nucleus, gene, DNA

A

Nucleus, chromosome, gene, DNA

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12
Q

Define secrete

A

To discharge something

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13
Q

Define emulsify

A

Combine a mixture which normally doesn’t combine

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14
Q

Function of nucleus

A
  • controls all activities in cell
  • contains genes in chromosomes which carry genetic Information
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15
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Many chemical reactions take place

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16
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Controls substances which enter and leave cell

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17
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy

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18
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis takes place- proteins are made

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19
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis

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20
Q

Function of cell wall

A

In plants made of cellulose, helps structure by giving strength and supporting plant cell

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21
Q

Function of vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap- keeps cell rigid to support plant

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22
Q

What does 1 order of magnitude mean

A

10x

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23
Q

What does 3 orders of magnitude mean

A

1000x

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24
Q

How do u find out magnification?

A

Magnification= size of image ÷real object

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25
Q

What is the triangle for magnification

A

I ÷ A x M

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26
Q

Define tissue

A

Group of specialised cells that work together to cary out a specific function

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27
Q

Define organ

A

Collection/ group of tissues that work together for a specific function

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28
Q

Define organ system

A

Made up of different organs working together e.g. digestive system, respiratory system

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29
Q

What is diffusion

A

Net movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

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30
Q

What is osmosis

A

Net movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration across a partially permeable membrane

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31
Q

What is active transport

A

Moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient, requires energy from respiration.

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32
Q

Light microscope: image is formed using…, can it view live specimen, magnification, resolution, first developed

A
  • developed mid 17th century
  • image formed using light
  • can view live specimen
  • price- cheap
  • magnification 2000x
  • resolution low 200nm
33
Q

Electron microscope: image is formed using…, can it view live specimen, magnification, resolution, first developed

A
  • developed in 1930s
  • image formed using resolution
  • cant view live specimen
  • price- v. Expensive
  • magnification 2 000 000x
  • resolution low 0.2nm
34
Q

Factors which affect rate of diffusion

A
  • difference in concentration (conc gradient)
  • temperature
  • surface area of membrane
35
Q

1 cm into metres using standard form

A

1 x 10^-2 metres
1 times 10 to the power of -2

36
Q

1 millimetre into meters

A

1 x 10 ^-3 metres

37
Q

I micro meter into meters

A

1 x10 ^ -6 = 1 metre

38
Q

1 nanometers into meter

A

1 x 10 ^ -9 meters

39
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion

A

Larger the concentration gradient the higher the rate of diffusion e.g. if there’s more particles to move then more diffusion will happen

40
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion

A
  • higher temperature gives particles more energy
  • they move around faster
  • diffuse more quickly
41
Q

How does s.a. affect rate of diffusion

A

Larger the surface area of the membrane the faster the diffusion rate because more particles can pass through at once

42
Q

How many chromosomes do human cells have?

A

Nucleus of human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes

43
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Chromosomes contain a double helix of DNA and they also have a large number of genes

44
Q

What do bacterial cells have instead of nucleus

A
  • single strand of dna that floats in cytoplasm
  • plasmids which reproduce through binary fission
45
Q

When can animal cells differentiate?

A

-Early stage
- in mature animals cell division is limited to repair and growth

46
Q

When can plant cells differentiate

A

Retain ability to differentiate throughout life

47
Q

Define magnification

A

How much bigger you can make an image

48
Q

Define resolution

A

How much detail you can see in image

49
Q

Describe cell cycle

A
  • increase number of subcellular structures e.g. ribosomes, mitochondria
  • duplicates DNA for 2 copies of each chromosome
    -one set of chromosomes pulled by cell fibres to each end of cell+ nucleus divides
  • cytoplasm+ cell membrane divide to form two identical daughter cells
50
Q

How plant cells can be cloned from stem cells and benefits of doing this

A

1)take piece of specialised root
2) break them up into root cells
3) grow cells in nutrient rich culture
4) specialised cells become unspecialised
5)dedifferentiate into calluses
6) calluses can be stimulated with appropriate plant hormones to grow into new plants that are identical to original from which root pieces were taken

51
Q

Define calluses

A

Growing mass of unorganised plant cells and tissues

52
Q

Cultured meanning

A

Artificially grown or synthesised

53
Q

How to find s.a:volume ratio

A

Surface area= length x width
Volume = length x width x height

54
Q

Explain how surface area: volume ratio of a single celled organism (amoeba) allows sufficient molecule transport

A
  • single celled organisms have large s.a. to volume ratio because they are so small
  • able to get all oxygen n nutrients they need through diffusion through cell membrane
  • short diffusion pathway
55
Q

What is a chromosome

A

Long, tightly coiled molecule of DNA split into sections called genes

56
Q

What’s a gene

A

Section of DNA which codes for specific protein

57
Q

What’s DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid:
- passed from parents to offspring
- controls cell activity
- contains info to specify characteristics of organism

58
Q

What happens to plant cell placed in dilute solution

A

Water enters cell- becomes turgid
Cell expands and is swollen

59
Q

What happens to plant cell placed in concentrated solution

A

Water leaves cell- becomes flaccid
Cell is floppy and shrinks

60
Q

Function of muscle cell

A

To contract and expand quickly

61
Q

Adaptation of muscle cell

A
  • contains protein fibres that are able to change lengths
  • packed with mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction
62
Q

Function of xylem cell

A

Transport water and dissolved minerals through plant from roots to leaves

63
Q

Adaptation of xylem cell

A
  • thick walls containing lignin; provides support
  • lignin makes xylem cells die- gives skeletal structure
  • end walls between cells have broken down- cell now forms a long tube so 💧+ dissolved minerals can flow easily
64
Q

Function of root hair cell

A

to absorb water and dissolve minerals from soil

64
Q

Function of root hair cell

A

to absorb water and mineral ions from soil

65
Q

What do root hair cells not contain

A

Chloroplasts- they are underground

66
Q

Adaptation of root hair

A

Contains Root hair cells which increase surface area of the root so it can absorb water and dissolve minerals more effectively

67
Q

Function of sperm cell

A

To penetrate the egg and get male dna to female dna

68
Q

Adaptation of sperms cell

A
  • streamlined head so easier to penetrate
  • contains enzymes, enables it to break down outer shell of egg easily
  • packed with mitochondria to provide energy needed for swimming
69
Q

What happens during fertilisation

A

Genetic info of sperm and ovum fuse together/ combine

70
Q

Function of phloem cell

A

Transport substances around plant

71
Q

Adaptation of phloem cell

A
  • phloem vessel cells have no nucleus and limited cytoplasm
  • end walls of vessel cells have pores called sieve plates
  • these structures allow dissolved sugars to move through cell interior
  • each phloem vessel cell has compagnion cell connected by pores
  • mitochondria in compagion cell provide energy to phloem cell
72
Q

Function of nerve cell

A

Send electrical impulses around the body

73
Q

Adaptation of nerve cell

A
  • dendrites: increase s.a. so other nerve cells can connect more easily
  • myelin: insulates axon + speeds up transmission of nerve impulses
  • axon: carries electrical impulses from one part of body to another
  • synapses: junctions which allow impulses to pass from one nerve cell to another
74
Q

Explain adaptations of roots and leaves that help molecules diffuse efficiently across them

A
  • each branch of root is covered in millions of root hair cells, gives plant large s.a. for absorbing water and mineral ions from soil
  • flattened shape of leaf increase area of exchange surface so its more effective
  • walls of cells inside leaf form another exchange surface- air spaces inside leaf increase area of surface so there is more co2 that can get into cell
75
Q

Why is an electronic microscope better than a light microscope

A
  • has much bigger magnification and resolution power
  • can be used to study cells in much finer detail
  • enabled biologists to see/understand more sub-cellular structures
76
Q

Hypertonic

A

Concentrated solution

77
Q

Hypotonic

A

Dilute solution

C1 (5 decks)

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