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Test 1 IBI > B3-015 - Cell Antibody Function > Flashcards

B3-015 - Cell Antibody Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antigen

A

any substance that can bind tot an antibody or an cellular receptor

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2
Q

Immunogen

A

an antigen capable of eliciting an immune response

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3
Q

epitope/antigenic determinant

A

portion of antigen that binds

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4
Q

If a patient tolerates vaccines well what is that indicative of

A

T cell function is ok and innate immune system working

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5
Q

CD3 level is indicative of what

A

presence of T cells

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6
Q

What is CD16/56 a marker for

A

NK cells

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7
Q

What is CD19 a marker for

A

B cells

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8
Q

What is X linked agammaglobulinemia

A

A defect in gene coding for BTK (brutons tyrosine kinase)

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9
Q

What does a defect in BTK cause

A

X linked agammaglobulinemia
Defective enzyme function and level
Responsible for B cell maturation, survival, proliferation

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10
Q

What is a primary immunodeficiency

A

a deficiency not caused by other factors

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11
Q

What is a secondary immune deficiency

A

due to disease, medications, malnutrition

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12
Q

What lab abnormalities are indicative of B cells

A

absent or reduced follicles and germinal centers in lymphoid organs
Reduced Ig levels

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13
Q

What are common infectious consequences of B cell definciencies

A

Pyogenic bacterial infections, enteric bacterial and viral infections

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14
Q

What labs are typical of T cell deficiencies

A

May be reduced T cell zones in lymphoid organs

Defective T cell proliferative responses to mitogens in vitro

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15
Q

What are common infectious consequences of T cell deficiencies

A

Viral and other intracellular microbial infections
Virus associated malignancies
EBV associated lymphomas

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16
Q

What are 4 primary immune deficiencies of the humoral category (antibody, B lymphocytes affected)

A

X linked agammaglobulinemia
Hyper IgM syndrome
Selective IgA deficiency
Common variable immune deficiency

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17
Q

Describe the process of B cell maturation

A

HSC –> CLP –> ProB –> Pre-B –> PreBCR checkpoint with BTK –> Immature B cell –> mature B cell

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18
Q

what is the most immature B cell

A

Pro B cell

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19
Q

What occurs to create a pre B cell

A

VDJ recombination

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20
Q

What is essential for progression of maturation into an immature B cell

A

BTK

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21
Q

If a drug targets CD20- what happens

A

all maturation of B cells wouldn’t happen

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22
Q

what are peripheral lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous immune surfaces

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23
Q

lymph organs throughout the body are there for

A

rapid surveillance and quick immune response

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24
Q

Encapsulated nodular aggregates of lymphoid tissue is located throughout the body in what

A

lymphatic chains

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25
Q

The fluid that drains through the lymph does what

A

holds antigen presenting cells that sample microbes circulating

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26
Q

What picks up microbes and where do they go

A

dendritic cells pick up microbes and transport them to the lymph nodes concentrating them for an immune response

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27
Q

what does the spleen do

A

filters blood capturing microbial antigens that have been concentrated by dendritic cells and macrophages

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28
Q

The spleen contains abundant what

A

phagocytes

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29
Q

where are B cells located in the spleen

A

in the follicles and white pulp

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30
Q

what are lymphoid tissues with antigen presenting cells

A

skin
respiratory mucosa
GI mucosa

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31
Q

where is lymph tissue in the GI mucosa

A

Peyers patches in SI

Tonsils

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32
Q

What do B cells do

A

neutralize microbe, phagocytosis, complement activation

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33
Q

what do helper T cells do

A

activate macrophages, inflammation, activation of T and B lymphocytes

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34
Q

what do cytotoxic t cells do

A

kill infected cells

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35
Q

what doe regulatory t cells do

A

suppress immune response

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36
Q

what are the outcomes of antigen recognition by a B cell

A

Antibody secretion
Isotype switching
Affinity maturation
Memory B cell

37
Q

what are plasma cells

A

long living mature B cells

38
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

produce high affinity antibodies even after antigen removed

stimulated by infections and vaccines

39
Q

what do memory cells do

A

do not produce antibody

ready to rapidly respond to antigen reintroduction

40
Q

describe the general structure of antibodies

A

2 identical heavy chains and light chains
have a variable region and a constant region
C region is either in membrane or secreted

41
Q

describe the structure of the heavy chain

A

1V and 3-4 C

42
Q

describe the structure of the light chain

A

1V and 1 C

43
Q

DESCRIBE THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN DOMAIN

A

folded layers of a beta pleated sheet held together by a disulfide bond connected by protruding loops

44
Q

what is Fab

A

fragment antigen binding region

45
Q

what is the hinge regions

A

flexible for increased binding to the2 Fab regions

46
Q

what is Fc

A

crystalizes in solution

responsible for biologic activity of antibodies

47
Q

what are CDR loops

A

in the V regions of the immunoglobulin domain responsible for antigen recognition

48
Q

what has the greatest variability and contributes the most to antigen binding

A

CDR3

49
Q

IgM and IgG are present where

A

naive B cells

50
Q

where is IgA

A

mucosal surfaces

51
Q

IgG can do what that is unique

A

cross the placenta

52
Q

Where is IgD

A

Naive B cell antigen receptor

53
Q

What is IgE

A

defense against helminthic parasites, immediate hypersensitivity

54
Q

IgG does what

A

opsonization, complement activation, antibody depended cell mediated cytotoxicity, neonatal immunity, feedback inhibition

55
Q

what does IgM do

A

naive B cell antigen receptor, compliment activation

56
Q

where is the antibody binding region

A

VH chain and VL chain CDRs (complementarity determining region)

57
Q

what is affinity

A

strength of Ag-Ab bond

increases with repeated exposure

58
Q

what is avidity

A

total strength of multiple bonds

59
Q

what is cross reactivity

A

Abs may bind to related Ags with similar epitopes

60
Q

Without T cell help what type of antigen causes a weak or absent antibody response

A

Protein antigens

61
Q

T dependent B cell responses

A

APCs present to T cells that activate B cells and induce class switching and affinity maturation

62
Q

induce a T independent B cell response

A

polysaccharides, lipids, other non protein antigens

63
Q

Why is T independent B cell response simpler

A

less isotype switching

less affinity maturation

64
Q

what is the primary antibody response

A

within days
IgM produce/wanes
low affinity
plasma cells go ont o produce IgG

65
Q

What is secondary antibody response

A

within days
larger response
IgG
higher affinity

66
Q

what is characteristic of CVID

A 
recurrent bacterial sinopulmonary infections
GI infections
Low IgG
Low IgA and/or IgM
Insufficient responses to vaccinatons
67
Q

Describe BCR signaling with complement

A

B cells express complement receptor for activation when exposed to a microbial antigen
microbial bound C3d binds to CR2 on the B cells surface to activate B cells
C3d-CR2 binding enhances B cell activation as part of innate response

68
Q

TLRs can also do what regarding B cells

A

activates them and promotes B cell proliferation, differentiation and antibody secretion

69
Q

After Ab is bound to antigen in BCR signaling what happens

A

Tyrosine phosphorylation occurs
Activation of downstream enzymes via biochemical intermidates
produces TFs leading to immune response

70
Q

B and T cell interactions are initiated when

A

an antigen is recognized by both T and B cell

71
Q

T cells activated by Ag presented by DCs differentiate into what

A

Th cells

72
Q

CD40L does what

A

Binds to CD40 on B cells, essential for isotype switching

73
Q

How does Isotype switching occur

A
  1. ) VDJ exon encoding V domain of an IgM heavy chain moves it adjacent to a downstream C region
  2. ) AID removes uracil to create DNA nicks induced by CD40
  3. ) dsDNA breaks into 2 switch reagions and brought back together and repaired
  4. ) portion of DNA removed
  5. ) New heavy chain isotype
74
Q

when you change isotype do you still recognize the same antigens

A

yes

75
Q

what does IL-10 from Tfh cells do with regards to isotype switching

A

stimulates isotype switching to IgG via IFN gamma

76
Q

What does IL-10 do

A

Opsonize microbes

promotes microbial phagocytosis and intracellular killing

77
Q

What does IL-4 from Tfh cells do with regards to isotype switching

A

stimulates switch to IgE helps generate allergic response

78
Q

Where is IgG located

A

in the serum

79
Q

what can B cells produce on their own without class switching

A

IgD and IgM

80
Q

what coexistent issues can you have with B cell diseases

A

autoimmunie issues, immunodeficiency, b cell lymphomas

81
Q

what is positive selection

A

seeing if a newly formed BCR can be expressed

82
Q

what is negative selection

A

seeing if a newly formed BCR binds with self antigen with high affinity

83
Q

what is a monoclonal antibody

A

antibody made by one B cell clone that has only one specificity

84
Q

what labs would you see with XLA

A

low IgA, IgG, IgM

absence of B cells

85
Q

What labs would you see with hyper IgM

A

Normal or high IgM, low IgG/IgA, normal B cell numbers

86
Q

What labs would you see with Ig deficiency

A

decreased selective Ig

87
Q

What labs would you see with CVID

A

low IgG and IgM, and /or IgA, poor response to vaccines

88
Q

treatment for Ig deseases

A

Immunoglobulin G supplementation therapy

89
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies formed

A

animal immunized with Ag B cells are obtained from spleen and fused with myeloma cells giving them immortality
Hybridomas are grown and secrete Ab
Select Ab if desired specificity for targeted therapy

Test 1 IBI (8 decks)

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