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Additional Biology > B2.3 > Flashcards

B2.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the top two chambers and bottom two chambers in the heart

A

Top two are atriums, right and left, and bottom two are right and left ventricles

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2
Q

What is septum

A

Muscle in centre of heart that separates left and right sides in heart

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3
Q

What happens in right side of heart

A

Blood enters vena cava into right atrium and through the valves into right ventricle. Up through pulmonary artery and into the lungs.

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4
Q

What halve separates the atrium and ventricles

A

atrio ventricular

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5
Q

What’s special about the pulmonary artery

A

Only archery carrying de oxygenated blood, from the right ventricle to the lings

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6
Q

What valve is between the ven cava and heart and the aorta and the heart

A

Semi lunar valves

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7
Q

What happens in left side of heart

A

Blood enters left atrium through the pulmonary vein with oxygenated blood. Blood goes through strip ventricular valve into the left ventricle. Blood pumped through semi lunar valve through aorta and into the rest of the body

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8
Q

What kind of muscle is the heart made of

A

Cardiac muscles

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9
Q

What are the superior and inferior vena cavas

A

Superior, blood from above the heart eneters heart through here, blood from below heart enter it through inferior vena cava

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10
Q

What are fossils

A

Preserved traces or remains of organisms that lived th us ands or millions of years ago

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11
Q

What is the fossil record

A

The history of life on earth shown through changes in fossils

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12
Q

Why are there gaps in the fossil record

A

Soft tissue organisms don’t have many fossils as most of their body decays when they die and many other organisms have the hard part of their bodies destroyed before they can be fossilised. There may also be other fossils we have yet to find

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13
Q

What is the pentadactyle limb structure

A 
Arm Kim's consisting from top to bottom
Humerus
Radius and ulna bones
Carpals
Phalanges
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14
Q

What does the pentadactyl limb show us

A

All vertebrates evolved from one common ancestor and changed to adapt to their environment

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15
Q

How do plants grow

A

The area beneath the tip of a shoot or root has cells called meristem. These cells are always dividing and elongating, this causes growth.

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16
Q

What is special about meristem

A

The older meristem cells can differentiate like stem cells into other cells such as a leaf one with chlorophyll or a root hair cell

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17
Q

Why can’t animals re grow limbs but plants can regrow leafs

A

Plants always have meristem than can differentiate into any cell, adults have a few stem cells and they can’t differentiate into all the different cells needed to regrow body parts

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18
Q

Why is blood an organ

A

It is made up of lots of different cells that work together to carry out a function

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19
Q

What is plasma

A

Yellow substances accounting for approx 55% of blood, it carries food substances, hormones and carbon dioxide

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20
Q

What are red blood cells

A

Specialised cells in the blood accounting for approx 45% of blood and carry no oxygen, they have no nucleus to allow more room for the oxygen

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21
Q

How do red blood cells carry oxygen

A

They contain haemoglobin that reacts with the oxygen in the air to form oxyhaemoglobin and then reverses the reaction at other cells to pass on the oxygen

22
Q

Why are red blood cells biconcave disc shaped

A

This this them a large surface area to volume area so lots of difffusion

23
Q

What are platelets

A

Fragments of other cells and they clot the blood when exposed to the air

24
Q

What are white blood cells and what do they do

A

Cells used for the bodies defence. Some produce antibodies that when release, surround the foreign cell and destroy it, others surround the foreign cells themselves to destroy it

25
Q

What is tissue

A

The thing formed when a group of the same type of specialised cells form a tissue

26
Q

What is an organ

A

Something containing several different types of tissue that work together for a particular function

27
Q

How does blood travel through the body

A

Blood enters heart from either superior or inferior vena cava. From here it goes through the semi lunar valves and into the right atrium. When it’s full it goes through atrio ventricular valves and into the right ventricle. When this is full, it pumps it into the the pulmonary artery. Here it goes into the lungs and becomes oxygenated. Then it enters the pulmonary vein and into the left atrium through semi lunar valves. Then once it’s full, goes through atrio ventricular valves and into the left ventricle. When this is full, it pumps it into the aorta which takes it around the body. Then it goes from arteries through capillaries and into veins. Then they go back to vena Ca as

28
Q

What is the circulatory system

A

The system made of arteries, veins, capillaries and the heart

29
Q

Properties of capillaries

A

Single cell thick walls for easy diffusion

30
Q

Properties of arteries

A

Thick muscular walls to deal with the pressure and thin space in the middle

31
Q

Properties of veins

A

Thin muscle walls as lower pressure, large space inside so less friction so blood flows easier

32
Q

What are the parts of the alimentary canal

A 
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomachs all intestine
Pancreas
Large intestine
Anus
Liver
Gall bladder
33
Q

What happens at the mouth

A

Food is chewed into small pieces to increase surface area for enzymes. Amylase in Sylvia stars breaking down carbs into sugars. Spit helps lubribcate food and tounge rolls it into a bolus before it is swallowed

34
Q

What happens in oesophagus

A

Peristalsis pushes the bolus into the stomach

35
Q

What happens into the stomach

A

Peristalsis churns it up into a paste and the acid helps break it down. Pepsin breaks down proteins into amino acids

36
Q

What happens in small intestine

A

Large insoluble molecules are broken into small soluble ones. Lots of enzymes from pancreas help break down food into digestible sizes. Molecules of processed food diffuse into the blood through the villi.

37
Q

What happens in the pancreas

A

The organ makes the digestive enzymes and releases them to where they need to go

38
Q

What happens in large intestine

A

Undigested food passes through here. Water diffuses into the blood and all that remains is the poo

39
Q

What happens at anus

A

End of the alimentary canal where poo exits the body

40
Q

What happens at the liver

A

Blood with digested food passes through here to be processed. Some molecules are broken down even more, some built up into larger molecules. Bile is also made which helps break down fats.

41
Q

What happens at gall bladder

A

Stores the bile made by the liver and releases it when nesicary

42
Q

How are carbs digested

A

Carbohydrases break down carbs, starches into simple sugars. Amylase breaks carbs into simple sugars and other carbohydrases break the simple sugars into glucose

43
Q

How are proteins digested

A

Proteins are broken into amino acids which the body uses to make its own proteins. Pepsin is a protease made in the stomach and works at the acidic conditions, 2-3pH. However in the small intestine, trypsin breaks down proteins as it’s more alkali, ph8.

44
Q

How are fats broken down

A

Bile emulsifiers fatty globules into smaller ones to give them a larger surface area, lipases then break them down into fatty acids and glycerol

45
Q

What does bile do

A

Emulsifies the fatty globules, makes poo brown and makes small intestines alkali, rather than acidic

46
Q

Why are villi so important

A

They dramatically increase the surface area of the small intestine which means that a lot more diffusion can take place than if it was a smooth surface s

47
Q

What are villi and what do they do

A

Each villus is one cell thick and has a good network of capillaries making them ideal for diffusion. They re single cell thick for easy diffusion and the good network of capillaries means once a substance diffuses into it, the blood takes it away quickly so the concentration gradient between the villi and food means the food is always diffusing into the villi

48
Q

What does coelliac disease do

A

Villi are lost or covered up so the surface area of the small intestine is reduced so less diffusion, this makes victims of the disease very skinny and weak

49
Q

What are probiotics

A

Foods containing friendly bacteria such as lactobacillus and bifidobacteria, these supposibly make you healthier

50
Q

What are plant stanol esters and what do they do

A

They are oily substances found in plants which stop the small intestines absorbing cholesterol which helps reduce heart problems and heart failure

51
Q

What are prebiotics

A

They can’t be absorbed by us but are beneficial for probiotics, acting like food. Ingesting these increase number of probiotics in the body

Additional Biology (6 decks)

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