Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > B2.3 > Flashcards

B2.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fossil record?

A

The way the Earth is shown by fossils from different periods of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is evolution?

A

When organisms change gradually overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 main reasons for gaps in the fossils records?

A
  • fossils do not always form
  • soft tissues decay
  • many fossils have not been found yet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why does the fact that fossils do not always form leave gaps in the fossil record?

A

The fossils do not always form so they can be discovered which causes gaps in the fossil records

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why does the fact that soft tissues decay leave gaps in the fossil record?

A

The soft tissue decays and does not always form fossils so there is little fossil evidence left behind causing gaps in the fossil records

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why does the fact that many fossils have not been found leave gaps in the fossil record?

A

The fossils have not been found and so can’t be filled in which causes gaps in the record

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the problem with having gaps in the fossil record ?

A

Scientist have to interpret what the organism looks like which are often incorrect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a pentadactyl limb?

A

A basic five fingered limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does many vertebrates having pentadactyl limbs help to prove?

A

It helps to prove that all vertebrates have evolved from a single vertebrate, millions of years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name all of the bones present in a pentadactyl limb

A
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
  • carpals
  • phalanges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is growth in an organism?

A

When an organism increase in size, length or mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is it called when plant cells get longer?

A

Elongation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why do plant cell differentiate?

A

If the are old they will differentiate and become different cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between animal and plant growth?

A

Animal growth involves cell decision and not elongation it also stops when the animal becomes an adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name of the cell formed when cells in an animal differentiate to form a number of different type of specialised cells?

A

A stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 components in blood?

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is plasma?

A

It’s a yellow liquid that transports dissolved substances, such as carbon dioxide, food substances and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

They contain the red pigment haemoglobin which can combine reversibly with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are fossils?

A

The preserved traces or remains of organisms that lived thousands or millions of years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is oxyhemoglobin created and what is it used for?

A

It is created in the lungs (combination of oxygen and haemoglobin) it is used to provide oxygen for tissue for aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the shape of a red blood cell

A

It has a bio concave shape which means that it has a dimple on both sides to allow for a larger surface to volume ratio.it also has no nucleus which makes as much room for haemoglobin as possible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

They help us to defend against diseases. Some white blood cells create microorganisms. These are proteins that bind to the microorganism that cause disease and kill them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the difference between red and white blood cells?

A

White blood cells have a nicleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are platelets and what do they do?

A

Platelets are tiny fragments of cells, they are used in the creation of a blood clot. A blood clot will dry out and form a scab which will prevent any blood from leaving your body and will prevent any microorganisms form entering your body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is an organ?
An organ contains several different types of tissue that work together to carry out a particular function in the body
26
What is deoxygenated blood?
When a red blood cell is lacking in oxygen in becomes deoxygenated
27
What is oxygenated blood?
When red blood cells inside of blood are full of oxygen
28
How does the body make deoxygenated blood oxygenated?
Deoxygenated blood in pumped by the heart to the lungs where they haemoglobin in red blood cells picks up oxygen and the blood becomes oxygenated. This oxygenated blood then goes back to the heart and is pumped around the body to the tissues and cells.
29
List all of the parts of the heart
- aorta - superior vena cava - pulmonary artery - pulmonary veins - left atrium - right atrium - left ventricle - right ventricle - inferior vena cava - valves - tendons - septum
30
What does a vena cava do?
It brings blood from the body into the right atrium
31
What is the difference between the inferior and superior vena cava?
The superior vena cava brings blood form the top half of the body and the inferior vena cava brings blood to the heart form the bottom half of the body
32
What does the right atrium do?
It holds all of the blood brought into the heart by the vena cavas, when they are full the muscles contract and force all of the blood through the valves into the ventricles
33
What special attribute do valves in the heart have?
They are one way
34
What does the right ventricle do?
It holds the blood from the atriums , when the ventricle is full the muscles of the ventricle wall contracts forcing the blood through more valves into the pulmonary artery
35
What does the pulmonary artery do?
It carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen
36
What does the pulmonary vein do?
It carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
37
What does the left atrium do?
It holds all of the oxygenated blood form the lungs, when it becomes full it contracts and and forces blood through valves into the left ventricle
38
What does the left ventricle do?
The left ventricle holds the blood from the left atrium, when it becomes full the muscles of the ventricle wall contracts and forces the oxygenated blood out through a valve into the aorta
39
What is the aorta and what does it do?
It is the large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood around the body
40
Why is the muscle wall of the left ventricle thicker than the muscle wall of the right ventricle?
The left ventricle has to pump blood round the hole body rather than just to the lungs
41
What other organ is needed to pump blood around the body other than the heart?
Blood vessels
42
What are blood vessels and name the three types of blood vessels
They are tube-shaped organs that carry blood, the three types are : arteries, capillaries and veins
43
Describe an artery
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. The blood in arteries has to be under high pressure so that it can each all parts of the body . They have thick, strong walls
44
Describe a capillary
Capillaries allow substance to diffuse into and out of the blood into, the cells in tissues. To help this process capillaries have thin walls
45
Describe a vein
Veins have wide passages inside them and carry blood to the heart. They are wide because the blood flows relatively slow under low pressure
46
What is an organ system?
A group of organs that work well together
47
What is the name of the organ system consisting of the heart and blood vessels
The circulatory system
48
What is the name for the process in which food is broken down?
Digestion
49
What is the name for the organ system that digestion takes place in?
The digestive system
50
What is the alimentary canal?
A muscular tube running through the body from mouth to anus, used in the digestive system
51
In the digestive system what does the mouth do?
Where food is taken into the body. During chewing, teeth break up the food into small pieces which mean that they have a larger surface area for digestive enzymes to work. The tongue helps to turn the chewed food into a ball called bolus. The bolus gets coated in saliva which helps to lubricate it so it's easier to swallow. Saliva also contains an enzyme that starts to break down the starch in food.
52
In the digestive system what does oesophagus do?
A muscular tube between the mouth and the stomach . The muscles contract in waves and push the food down towards the stomach . This is called peristalsis
53
In the digestive system what does the stomach do?
A muscular bag that makes acid and some enzymes. It churns up the food with the juices from peristalsis to make a thick paste
54
In the digestive system what does the small intestine do?
A long, coiled, muscular tube where most of the large insoluble food molecules are broken down into smaller soluble molecules. It contains lots of digestive enzymes made in the pancreas and it makes its own digestive enzymes aswell. The molecules of digested food are absorbed into the blood using finger shaped projections called villi , which contain capillaries . Food is moved along by peristalsis
55
In the digestive system what does the pancreas do?
This organ makes digestive enzymes and releases them into the first part of the small intestine
56
In the digestive system what does the large intestine do?
Undigested food passes into this wide, thin-walled tube. Water diffuses back into the blood leaving the waste material (faeces) behind
57
In the digestive system what does the anus don't?
Where the undigested food passes out of the body
58
In the digestive system what does the liver do?
Digested food is absorbed by the small intestine and dissolves in the blood plasma. Once in the blood, it is taken to the liver to be processed. Some of the molecules are broken down even more. Some are built up into larger molecules again. The liver also makes bile which helps in the digestion of fats
59
In the digestive system what does the gall bladder do?
A small organ that stores bile made by the liver and releases it into the small intestine when it is needed
60
What doe the digestive system do?
It breaks down large, insolvable food molecules into smaller ,soluble food molecules
61
What are the three main food molecules?
Carbohydrates, fats and proteins
62
What are the simplest carbohydrates called and what can they be built up into?
Sugars and starch
63
What are digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates called and what is an example?
Carbohydrases, amylase is an example that breaks starch down into sugars
64
What are digestive enzymes that break down proteins called and what is an example?
Proteases which break down proteins into smaller chains and them into amino acids , pepsin is an example which works in the stomach.
65
What are the enzymes that break down fats called and how do they do it?
Lipases are enzymes that break down fats , they chemically break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
66
What is emulsion?
When bile breaks down fats to give them a larger surface area
67
Describe the process of absorbing food in the small intestine
Digested food passes into the blood by diffusion through the intestine and capillary walls. The bigger the surface area the available the more diffusion can take place. The inside of the small intestine has millions of finger like folds called villi that make the surface area much bigger allowing much more diffusion to take place.
68
Why do villus always have a low concentration of anything in them?
They have a network of capillaries inside them that is constantly taking soluble food molecules away in the blood
69
Why is it so easy for food molecules to diffuse into the villus?
They only have a single cell layer around them
70
What is coeliac disease and why is it a problem?
It is a disease that causes the villi to be lost, as a result the person affected cannot absorb the products of digestion properly and so become very thin
71
What are functional foods?
Foods that claim to make you healthier
72
What are probiotic foods?
Foods that contain live bacteria that are friendly these are usually Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria
73
What are plant stanol esters and what do they do?
They are oily substances found in plants, they can stop the small intestine from absorbing cholesterol which lowers the chance of heart disease
74
What are prebiotics?
They are foods that the body can't digest, they are used as a food for the beneficial bacteria. A common prebiotic is oligosaccharides

Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions