Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > B2.1 > Flashcards

B2.1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane?

A

It separates the cell from its surroundings. It also controls the movement of substances such as oxygen, glucose and carbon dioxide in and out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the role of cytoplasm?

A

Where many chemical reactions to carry out life processes take place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of organelles?

A

(Inside the cytoplasm) they are tiny structures that carry out specific jobs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of the nucleus?

A

It controls the activity of the cell. It is also an organelle that contains DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

They are organelles in which respiration occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name all of the parts of the cell.

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

Light passes through a specie in and then through magnifying lenses to make the object look larger than it is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of the cell wall? (Plant cell)

A

It is made up of tough cellulose to allow the cell to keep its shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What if the role of the vacuole? (Plant)

A

It is a place on the cytoplasm that is filled with the sap of the cell, it helps to support the plant by keeping it rigid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts? (Plant)

A

It contains chlorophyll, a green substance that Absorbs light energy and is used in photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

It uses a beam of electrons to magnify a specimen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is chromosomal DNA?

A

A giant loop of DNA that contains most of the genetic material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is plasmid DNA?

A

It comes in small loops and donations extra information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

They are inside the nuclei of your cells and contain your genetic information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is DNA?

A

A chemical that is used to make your chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are genes?

A

A section of your DNA molecules that contains instructions for specific proteins that are used in your body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a base?

A

The chemicals that join together the two strands in DNA at regular intervals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name all of the bases and their pairs.

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine

Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the job of weak hydrogen bonds?

A

They join all of the bases together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which four scientist collectively lead to the discovery of the double helix model of DNA?

A
  • James Watson
  • Francis Crick
  • Maurice Wilkins
  • Rosalind Franklin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

When a scientist removes a gene from one organism and inserts it into another organisms DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a genetically modified organism ( GMO )?

A

An organism that has been genetically modified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell that has a nucleus which contains two of each chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many chromosomes does a diploid cell contain?

A

two sets of 23 chromosomes

25
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When cells devise during growth

26
Q

Describe the process of mitosis.

A
  • DNA makes copies of itself in DNA REPLICATION
  • The copies separate and the cell divides
  • Two daughter cells are produces and a they are genetically identical to each other and the farther cell
27
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

When new, complete individuals are produced by mitosis.

28
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell that only contains one set of chromosomes

29
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A diploid cell formed in fertilisation between two gametes

30
Q

What is meiosis?

A

When a cell decides into four daughter cells

31
Q

Describe the process of meiosis

A
  • DNA replication takes place
  • the copies separate and from two daughter cells
  • each of these cells divide and again which separates the copies of each chromosome from each other
32
Q

What are clones?

A

Individuals that are genetically identical

33
Q

Describe the process of cloning a plant

A
  • start with a bit of leaf, stem or root

- the plant cells will the divide producing new cells which grow into a clone of the original plant.

34
Q

List some drawbacks of cloning animals

A
  • can’t produce a clone from a limb
  • few embryos produced in cloning will develop successfully
  • clones age much quicker
35
Q

List some benefits to cloning

A
  • good for making a genetically identical version of an animal with a desirable trait
  • good to make copies of animals with genetically engineered traits
36
Q

Describe the process of nuclear transfer

A
  • the nucleus of a body cell of the animal to be clones is removed and transferred into an enucleated egg cell
  • the cell is stimulated to start dividing to form an embryo
  • this is implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother who is a different individual to the parent. Here it will grow and develop into a new individual.
37
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The order of bases on a DNA strand.

38
Q

How many amino acids are in human protein?

A

20

39
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

When a cell creates proteins by building chains of amino acids out of different sequences of bases

40
Q

What is transcription?

A

Takes place inside a nucleus. The DNA in a gene unzips by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds between bases in the double helix one strand of the gene is used as a template to create mRNA.

41
Q

How is mRNA formed?

A

Bases that are complementary to the broken off strand of DNA in transcription link together opposite it forming a molecule of mRNA

42
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA ?

A

RNA only has one strand and has a base called uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

43
Q

Why can an enzyme only work in one type of reaction?

A

It’s shape, it is specific to the reaction

44
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the sequence of bases in the genetic code

45
Q

How does a mutation affect a protein?

A

It will change the order of amino acids in a chain which causes the protein to fold up in a different way and have a different shape, this will affect the way it works

46
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein molecule made by living cells that speed up the rate of a reaction

47
Q

What is a catalyst ?

A

A substance that helps a chemical reaction go faster with out being changed by the reaction itself

48
Q

Lost two things that enzymes help to do?

A
  • they help larger substances to break down into smaller molecules
  • they help smaller chemicals to join together to make larger ones
49
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication:

A
  • the DNA double helix is unwound and the weak hydrogen bonds are separated by one particular enzyme
  • new bases line up along each half, so that complimentary base pairs match
  • a different enzyme joins them together, and leaves two completely identical DNA molecules
50
Q

Why does digestion take place?

A

Food molecules are too big to pass across the cell membrane of the gut wall into the blood so they need to be Brocken down

51
Q

Describe how microorganisms and fungi digest food:

A
  • because they don’t have a gut they grow on and through the food that they want to digest
  • after the enzymes have broken down the food or digested in the small molecules are absorbed through the microorganisms cell wall
52
Q

What is the name of the molecules that enzymes work on?

A

Substrate molecules

53
Q

What does optimum mean?

A

The best possible value

54
Q

List the two main factors that catalyse enzymes:

A
  • temperature

- pH level

55
Q

What does the active site do?

A

It is a specific shape and holds two substrate molecules in place whilst they create new bonds and form a product molecule

56
Q

What is the name of the hypothesis that states that the two substrate molecules fit tightly into the active site?

A

Lock and key hypothesis

57
Q

What does a change in temperature and pH do to an enzyme and active site?

A

It causes the shape of the active sight to change and so the substrate molecules do not fit as well. If the change is too drastic the shape will change so much that it denatures the enzyme and destroys the active site.

58
Q

Describe the process of creating a product molecule:

A
  • two different substrate molecules go into the active site
  • the active site holds them tightly on the right position for them to make new bonds between them and form a product molecule
  • the product molecule is a slightly different shape to the substrate molecules so it no longer fits tightly in the active site and is released

Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions